Back of the Bus Theory

For what reason do African Americans despite everything keep on sitting towards the rear of the transport 60 years after the fact? It is an exceptionally astounding inquiry that merits an answer. History lets us know through all around scripted documentation going back to the social equality developments of Martin Luther King Jr. what's more, Rosa Parks; that African Americans were resolved to be treated as equivalent individuals and requested their place in the public arena through peaceful fights. With these realities despite everything waiting in the psyches of pioneers and older folks of an age totally wiped out, an individual needs to ponder; could this be the drawn out aftereffects of a specific sort of mental programming, or is it viewed as cool among a lost age to sit towards the rear of the transport now? During a period where African Americans were not viewed as equivalent by most of whites in the southern states, it was hard to keep up in a period of unfairness, disparity, and vulnerability. Most, if few out of every odd foundation in the south, had gotten totally isolated, and to be brought into the world an African American during those occasions was viewed as a wrongdoing deserving of man-made laws that promised to ensure and serve the American individuals. African Americans were viewed as peasants, who were tormented and made instances of regularly; none of which, has changed a lot of given our current conditions. Presently you likely may be figuring; what does this have to do with African Americans and the rear of the transport hypothesis? Subliminally, African Americans have returned to and are assuming their legitimate position close to the back of the general public. Sounds insane, however does this just happen in urban zones, or possibly this is something that movements past the downtowns? What is the reason for such non-intelligent conduct inside a race that battled for quite a long time in taking care of such an issue? Is this issue fixable and provided that this is true, how would we get to the root? African Americans have been modified to think, react, and act in such a way without monitoring it occurring. In this way, the work of art and operant molding of the psyche can arrive at maximum capacity with no disturbance from the guineas pigs. For instance, when African Americans were brought to America a few hundred years back and exchanged as slaves, etc, they must be broken of all positive and mental spirits. Over the long haul, slave proprietors and bosses revamped the slave mind; providing and transferring just the vital data to the guinea pig to be done. This is never really control is kept up times, in this way augmenting the work yield, and limiting the departure check. Be that as it may, as most examinations led on people creatures (e. g. Ruler Programming, Mk-Ultra) it will in general experience the ill effects of a type of glitch over some stretch of time and the outcomes can be annihilating. The unconditioned improvement and reaction alongside the adapted upgrade and reaction assumes a significant job with most if not all African American youngsters and youthful grown-ups who travel on life’s open transportation framework. Character is difficult to obtain when youthful grown-ups are continually amassed by outside impacts, and individual experience will in general be the best educator while looking for one’s own self. A similar way style patterns are set by significant companies and followed by most if not all Americans; are exactly the same methods utilized when seat determination becomes possibly the most important factor for our age. Presently break down this reality, Rosa Parks would not surrender her seat during the mid-late 1950’s because of disparity and bad form of this framework. This would be viewed as the unconditioned upgrade. She would not stick to specific principles, rules, and guidelines put forward, and the exposure created from this at no other time seen uprising started debate among her African American companions to go with the same pattern. The uprising in African Americans is viewed as the unconditioned reaction in this specific case. The molded improvement is easy to distinguish. The refusal of Rosa Parks matched with the social liberties dissent of that period would bring about the acclaimed blacklist of the Alabama open transport framework in this manner making the molded reaction. In the event that this is known to be valid, at that point why have African American youngsters and youthful grown-ups adjusted the rear of the transport attitude after the entirety of this has occurred? Researchers and scientists love to lead tests when confronted with circumstances that have different answers. On the off chance that your kid has uncontrolled and sporadic solid discharges, you talk with your neighborhood doctor; he/she will run test to decide the reason, where and how it began, and propose to you choices for goals. Once in a while these arrangements are on point, and now and again they misdiagnose the side effects. The arrangement that was proposed during the times of Rosa Parks was clearly brief or misdiagnosed thinking about genuine beliefs and perspectives. Individuals state once you figure out how to ride a bicycle you always remember, well imagine a scenario in which somebody never showed you how to ride a bicycle would you realize how to ride one. Creature impulses are something that we as people have normally; so all together for a person to comprehend one’s activities, we should look towards the educator who has impact over the individual greater part of the time. This will decide the individuals’ standards of conduct, and eventually talks on who that individual will become later on. The nature and support hypothesis sets that announcement. Anyway, how does this correspond with African Americans and the rear of the transport hypothesis? Take police hounds for example, they are use for an assortment of missions, yet the key point here, is that these particular animals are prepared all day every day to be forceful and assault on order. With this being expressed, people can turn out to be intellectually prepared to perform explicit errands on order through the subliminal without being completely mindful; consequently the rear of the transport hypothesis. All in all, the encounters of our past can change our future in the event that we decide to modify it. What our qualities, desires, and objectives are can be a central factor in where we decide to sit on life’s open transport.

2004 MLB Wins Regression Essay -- essays research papers

On Wednesday, October 27th 2004, the Curse of the Bambino was at last lifted off the City of Boston and its tolerant baseball fans (see Appendix A for additional on the Curse). Without precedent for a long time, the Boston Red Sox were the title holders of baseball. There is no contending that the 2004 Red Sox were a decent group that played incredible baseball all through the season. The group was driven not by ability developed through the Red Sox’ ranch framework however by extravagant, free-operator acquisitions, for example, Pedro Martinez, Manny Ramirez, Keith Foulke, Curt Shilling and David Ortiz. The normal age for a Red Sox colleague was 31.1 years, the most established group normal in the association. Moreover, the aggregate finance for the 2004 Red Sox was the second most noteworthy in Major League Baseball at $125,208,542 or $4,173,618 per player. The past two insights portray a portion of the off-field segment cosmetics of the 2004 Red Sox. In extra to being a veteran and generously compensated ball club, the Red Sox performed well on the field also. The group batting normal (number of hits isolated by number of authority at-bats) of the Red Sox was tied for the most elevated of the 30 Major Leagues groups at 0.282. As far as pitching insights, the Red Sox were in the top third of earned run normal (E.R.A.; the quantity of earned runs permitted per nine innings of play). Handling normal (number of effective handling endeavors partitioned by complete number of handling endeavors) is the main significant measurement where the Red Sox were altogether underneath the mean, positioning in the base quartile. I am keen on investigating the Major League Baseball information from the 2004 season to decide the elements that best anticipate achievement (estimated by the quantity of group wins). I am particularly keen on breaking down the connection among wins and finance. I am generally inquisitive about this relationship since this relationship can be constrained by the ball club’s the board. On-field execution is less controllable by the team’s the board since it has a higher ‘human performance’ component. Besides, I will acquire the direct relapse conditions for the different factors and specifying the extra measure of wins for the minimal measure of the free factor. Notwithstanding breaking down the connection among finance and wins, I am additionally keen on investigating the connection between other major measurable categ... ...s out the degree of finance was not a noteworthy variable for foreseeing the quantity of wins. In spite of the fact that the Boston Red Sox had a high finance, I reason that their prosperity was considerably more identified with their boss hitting and pitching during 2004 than to their high-finance. Addendum A The Legend of the Curse In 1918 the Red Sox won their fifth World Series, the most by any club around then. One of the stars of the Boston title establishment was a youthful pitcher by the name of George Herman Ruth, otherwise known as The Babe or The Bambino. In 1920, in any case, Red Sox proprietor Harry Frazee required cash to fund his better half's play, so he offered Babe Ruth's agreement to Colonel Jacob Ruppert's New York Yankees for $100,000 (in addition to a credit collateralized by Fenway Park). From that point forward, the Yankees, who had always lost a World Championship securing Ruth, have proceeded to win 26, and are apparently one of the best examples of overcoming adversity throughout the entire existence of game. In the interim, the Boston Red Sox have showed up in just four World Series since 1918, losing every one in game seven. Many consider Boston's presentation after the takeoff of Babe Ruth to be owing to "The Curse of the Bambino." 2004 MLB Wins Regression Essay - expositions look into papers On Wednesday, October 27th 2004, the Curse of the Bambino was at last lifted off the City of Boston and its tolerant baseball fans (see Appendix A for additional on the Curse). Without precedent for a long time, the Boston Red Sox were the title holders of baseball. There is no contending that the 2004 Red Sox were a decent group that played superb baseball all through the season. The group was driven not by ability developed through the Red Sox’ ranch framework yet by costly, free-specialist acquisitions, for example, Pedro Martinez, Manny Ramirez, Keith Foulke, Curt Shilling and David Ortiz. The normal age for a Red Sox colleague was 31.1 years, the most seasoned group normal in the class. Furthermore, the aggregate finance for the 2004 Red Sox was the second most elevated in Major League Baseball at $125,208,542 or $4,173,618 per player. The past two insights portray a portion of the off-field segment cosmetics of the 2004 Red Sox. In extra to being a veteran and generously compensated ball club, the Red Sox performed well on the field also. The group batting normal (number of hits partitioned by number of authority at-bats) of the Red Sox was tied for the most elevated of the 30 Major Leagues groups at 0.282. As far as pitching measur ements, the Red Sox were in the top third of earned run normal (E.R.A.; the quantity of earned runs permitted per nine innings of play). Handling normal (number of fruitful handling endeavors partitioned by absolute number of handling endeavors) is the main significant measurement where the Red Sox were altogether beneath the mean, positioning in the base quartile. I am keen on breaking down the Major League Baseball information from the 2004 season to decide the variables that best foresee achievement (estimated by the quantity of group wins). I am particularly keen on breaking down the connection among wins and finance. I am generally inquisitive about this relationship since this relationship can be constrained by the ball club’s the executives. On-field execution is less controllable by the team’s the executives since it has a higher ‘human performance’ component. Moreover, I will get the straight relapse conditions for the different factors and specifying the extra measure of wins for the peripheral measure of the autonomous variable. Notwithstanding dissecting the connection among finance and wins, I am likewise keen on breaking down the connection between other major factual categ... ...s out the degree of finance was not a huge variable for foreseeing the quantity of wins. In spite of the fact that the Boston Red Sox had a high finance, I reason that their prosperity was considerably more identified with their boss hitting and pitching during 2004 than to their high-finance. Supplement A The Legend of the Curse In 1918 the Red Sox won their fifth World Series, the most by any club around then. One of the stars of the Boston title establishment was a youthful pitcher by the name of George Herman Ruth, otherwise known as The Babe or The Bambino. In 1920, be that as it may, Red Sox proprietor Harry Frazee required cash to back his better half's play, so he offered Babe Ruth's agreement to Colonel Jacob Ruppert's New York Yankees for $100,000 (in addition to a credit collateralized by Fenway Park). From that point forward, the Yankees, who had always lost a World Championship obtaining Ruth, have proceeded to win 26, and are seemingly one of the best examples of overcoming adversity throughout the entire existence of game. In the interim, the Boston Red Sox have showed up in just four World Series since 1918, losing every one in game seven. Many consider Boston's presentation after the takeoff of Babe Ruth to be inferable from "The Curse of the Bambino."

Resume Tips Part 1 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume

Resume Tips Part 1 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume When I review resumes I find many commonly used words and phrases that are either outright erroneous or simply useless on a resume. I hope this short series of resume tips will decrease the appearance of these words on resumes throughout the job-hunting market. Words to delete from your resume: Various, variety, etc. 1. Various (or “a variety of”). Compare: a. Performed legal research and wrote memoranda and briefs on various civil procedural and substantive issues. b. Performed legal research and wrote memoranda and briefs on civil procedural and substantive issues, including unconscionability, issue preclusion and equitable estoppel. Version a. leaves us with nothing to grab on to. The candidate in version b. sounds a lot more interesting doesn’t she? The trick is to list the actual things that constitute the variety. Variety on its own doesnt tell us much. I acknowledge that there might be exceptions to this rule. Sometimes it does work to use the word “various” or “variety.” My recommendation is to take it out and see if the bullet works better. It probably will. Please report back what you discover. 2. Etc. “Etc.” is just a variation on various. Example: a. Managed, developed, and supervised programmatic activities that reduce recidivism through individual counseling, mentoring, family supportive counseling, girls empowerment groups, life skills classes, leadership workshops, etc. This list is long enough. What could possibly be added by adding “etc.” to the end of it? It just leaves the reader hanging. Make your list, put an “and’ before the last item, and add to it in your interview if necessary. You are welcome to precede your list with “including” or “such as.” OK now go look at your resume. Did you find various or etc.? Did you delete them? What was the impact? Share the results in the comments below. Hope you found these resume tips useful. For more resume writing assistance, check out  The Essay Experts Resume Writing Services.

Miley Cyrus s Original Image Essay - 1654 Words

As Miley Cyrus’s audience matured she purposefully changed her image by creating a new star text that was the polar opposite of her previous. A star text is considered to be everything that we associate with a start, including their promotion and body of work. Her hit sitcom Hannah Montana built her previous brand identity that connected with her audience of adolescent children. Miley’s original image was known for being a sweet and innocent teenage girl. Now her current start text identifies with heartbreak, drugs, activism and nonconformity. The extreme change of start text shocked and dismayed individuals. Many social media users and celebrity journalist wrote the transformation off implying it as a lost girl in her twenties making mistakes she will eventually regret. Despite the negative comments, Miley has embraced her star text using it for free publicity and media attention. Despite Miley Cyrus’s claims that her controversial change was not for reward or fame. Her old star text became mundane to mainstream media and her maturing audience, compelling her to reinvent her star text in order to continue being famous and successful in the music industry. To illustrate, many still remember Miley Cyrus as the sweet pop-star and down to earth character from her role as Hannah Montana on Disney Channel. At some point many fans believed that the personality of Miley Cyrus corresponded to her role on Hannah Montana. In her honest interviews and real encounters with fans,Show MoreRelatedMiley Cyrus s Influence On The Media Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesThrough Miley Cyrus’s years on her hit sitcom her brand identity and start text were made. Her original star text was known a young sweet innocent teenage girl that believed in love. As Miley and her audience matured she began to revolutionize her image by creating herself a new star text that was the polar opposite of her previous. Her new star text was completely self and media driven. 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Beginning with Disney princesses, Orenstein comes to examine American Girl dolls, the â€Å"tween† market, Miley Cyrus, social media, beauty pageants, and of course, Barbie, all in the united effort to best understand the decisions she is making for her daughter. potential body issues, poor self-esteem, ramped sexism, and gender essentialist impositions, The â€Å"princess phase† is first up forRead MoreFan Art : Art Or Not?1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthe artist who produced the original art wants to have control of the work. Mostly, the monetary benefits of their work. In fan art, the fans become the artists. There is nothing wrong with that, but things go wrong is when fans copy the original work completely which challenges the people involved with the original work. But I think that just because it is a derivative, we can’t disregard it. I think fan art is legitimate and must be respected. 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Analysis of the Metaphor in the “Fisherman” Poem by Kurt...

13 November, 2011 Analysis of the Metaphor in the â€Å"Fisherman† poem by Kurt Brown Life is a fishing ocean. This reveals the activities of man on a daily basis, where man has to go in search of his daily bread and the obstacles that he encounters. Brown’s poem, â€Å"Fisherman,† illustrates the sad condition of man and life’s struggles through the metaphor of a fisherman. Reading the poem makes me observe how life is in this period of recession, where man’s ego is far seen but his contentment is appreciated. Life is known not to be easy, and man still existing, hoping that he wakes someday and life is better. Brown uses the fishing and ocean metaphors to convey these key meanings and emotions: broken ego, envy, hope with perseverance and†¦show more content†¦This demonstrates how envy originates in the life of a man. Life struggles can be frustrating if no profit is seen and will definitely make a man envious of others. Man could see his peer’s prosperity as a challenge of patient and encouragement. In the case of the fisherman, he is a man without fear to strive on, though with a broken ego, he is not letting go and is ready to do whatever it takes to change his condition. Brown illustrates these concepts in this verse: â€Å"each day he grabs his gear and makes his way to the ocean, at least he is sure of that† (15-17). This suggests hope and perseverance. A man that is hopeful has a better opportunity for tomorrow; this is shown in the life of the fisherman as he goes out everyday not minding his circumstances but hopeful that tomorrow will be better. Hope gives birth to perseverance because he accepts his condition no matter how overwhelming it is. Brown uses the metaphor â€Å"soon he’s drifting under clouds, wind whispering blandishment is his ears. It could be today: the water heaves and settles like a chest he’s not far out† (25-30). Man’s life s truggles is frustrating, irksome but he is still thankful and appreciative that he has a means of livelihood and can still afford comfort no matter how small. The poet uses the metaphor to convey contentment: â€Å"Soon hes drifting under clouds, wind whispering blandishments / in his ears. It could

Workforce Education Free Essays

Author Note Heartfelt thanks to Dr. Terre Eversden to have given me an opportunity to present a paper on the Adult Educational Philosophies – Benefits and Challenges their involvement in real life scenarios or the environment we live in. The paper captures the benefits, challenges and example to each Adult Education Philosophy i. We will write a custom essay sample on Workforce Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. Liberal, Behavioral, Humanistic and Progressive. Abstract An adult education philosophy, or philosophical orientation, is the categorization of an individual’s beliefs, values, and attitudes toward adult education and what the purpose and outcome of adult education should be. In this paper, I shall discuss of Liberal Educational Philosophy, Behaviorist Educational Philosophy, Progressive Educational Philosophy, Humanistic Educational Philosophy and finally Radical Humanistic Philosophy. These are the Adult Educational Philosophies. Benefits and Challenges of each of these philosophies shall be discussed in brief. Keywords: liberal, behaviorist, progressive, humanistic, radical, educational, philosophy Liberal Educational Philosophy The liberal adult education philosophy stresses the development of intellectual powers. Liberals always seek knowledge. They work to transmit knowledge and clearly direct learning. The educator is the â€Å"expert†, and directs the learning process with complete authority. Learning methods used include lecture, study groups, and discussion. Socrates, Plato, and Piaget were practitioners of the liberal philosophy. (Note: Liberal adult education does not refer to liberal political views; it is related to Liberal Arts. ). According to liberal adult education, â€Å"the educated person possesses the four components of a liberal education: rational or intellectual education which involves wisdom, moral values, a spiritual or religious dimension, and an aesthetic sense† (Elias Merriam, 1995, p. 26). Liberal adult education emphasizes liberal learning, organized knowledge, and the development of the intellectual powers of the mind. It also stresses philosophy, religion, and the humanities over science. The teacher is given a prominent place within this philosophy, and must be well-versed in many intellectual interests. Liberal adult education employs heavy promotion of theoretical thinking. This philosophy is suited for adult learners because it requires life experience in order to fully gain from the reflection and contemplation involved in liberal education’s goals. To illustrate the significance of this philosophy, Elias and Merriam (1995) write: As long as the human person does these things [searches for truth, desires to develop their moral character, strives for spiritual and religious visions, and seeks the beautiful in life and nature], the liberal tradition in education will be a potent force.  (p. 42). The negatives of liberal approach are not everyone is critical thinkers and problem solvers and their opinions can be swayed by others. Example: A liberal classroom setting is a more traditional environment. In the classroom you my just have a lecture or even break students or adults into study groups to help each other out. Another option is critical reading and discussion. This approach allows students to free themselves from past experience. They are able to prepare themselves for diversity and change. It teacher teaches them to be critical thinkers and problem solvers. Behaviorist Educational Philosophy A major tenet of behaviorism is the belief that â€Å"all human behavior is the result of a person’s prior conditioning and is determined by external forces in the environment over which a person has little or no control† (Elias and Merriam, 1995, p. 79). Because behaviorism fundamentally aims toward individual and societal survival, emphasis is put on skill acquisition and learning how to learn. Thus, the teacher must create an environment that is optimal for bringing about behavior that ensures survival. The behaviorist adult education philosophy emphasizes the importance of the environment in shaping the learner. The traits of the behaviorist teacher are close to those of the liberal, in that the behaviorist â€Å"manages† the learning process and directs learning. Behaviorist concepts include mastery learning and standards-based education. Some teaching methods used by behaviorist educators include programmed instruction, contract learning, and computer guided instruction. Learners are active and able to demonstrate a measurable, learned behavior. Accountability is an important concept in behaviorism and punctuates that teachers and learners are both accountable for successful learning. Behaviorism is strong in setting clearly defined purposes, learning objectives, and in selecting experiences that work toward those purposes and objectives. Evaluation is valued in assessing the attainment of the behaviors being taught. Vocational training and teacher certifications are both behaviorist practices. Skinner, Thorndike, and Steinberg were believers in the behaviorist philosophical tenet. Example: A good example of Behaviorist is a coach. If a coach tells you what to do then you have to do it, otherwise you won’t get to play. You must practice the task on hand in order to be successful just like in sports. The teacher has to be a manager who directs the learner outcomes and design the environment. Many teachers must be competency-based teacher. Competency-based focuses on outcomes and has a certain curriculum that teachers have to follow to get the outcome that they want. Progressive Educational Philosophy The power of progressivism runs deep in American adult education, as stressed by Elias and Merriam (1995): â€Å"Progressivism has had a greater impact upon the adult 14 education movement in the United States than any other single school of thought† (p. 45). The progressive philosophy of adult education stresses an experiential, problem-solving approach to learning. Like behaviorism, progressivism sees the goal of education being individual and societal. However, the goal of progressive education is improvement rather than survival, which is achieved through liberating the learner. There are five basic principles of adult progressive education. The first is a broadened view or concept of education, meaning that education is not restricted to formal, classroom instruction but is a lifelong process influenced by many sectors of society and daily life. The second principle is a new focus on the learner and the potential of that person to learn more than his or her immediate interests. The third principle is the introduction of new instructional methodologies. Diversifying these teaching methods in turn diversified learner knowledge gained by learning from those methods. The fourth principle is a new teacher-learner relationship that is interactive and reciprocal. The fifth principle is that education is an instrument for preparing learners to change society. Learners of this philosophy need problem solving skills and practical knowledge. They learn by doing, inquiring, being involved in the community, and responding to problems. Teaching methods used in this philosophy include problem solving, the scientific method, and cooperative learning. The educator is an organizer who guides learning instead of directing learning and evaluates the learning process. Progressive proponents include Spencer, Dewey, and Lindeman Example: Progressive setting is showing someone how to frame a wall while constructing a house and then watching them do it themselves. Progressive is showing someone how to do something and then they do it while you guide them through the task. Training and Development in present organizations follow such type of education. Humanistic Educational Philosophy Humanistic education aims at the development of people who are open to change and continued learning, people who strive for self-actualization, and people who can live together as fully-functioning individuals. The humanistic philosophy of adult education follows some basic principles such as the following: human nature is naturally good; freedom and autonomy influence behavior; individuality and potentiality are unlimited and should be nurtured; self-concept leads to self-actualization; perception of the world explains behavior; and individuals have a responsibility to humanity. Foundations of humanistic education lie in the following: the notion of self-concept; that the adult defines himself in terms of the accumulation of a unique set of life experiences; that an adult’s readiness to learn is linked to developmental tasks unique to a stage in life; and that adults desire an immediate application of knowledge. The humanistic adult education philosophy seeks to facilitate personal growth and development. Humanists are highly motivated and self-directed learners; responsibility to learn is assumed by the learner. The humanist educator facilitates learning but does not direct learning. According to Elias and Merriam (1995), â€Å"Humanistic adult educators are concerned with the development of the whole person with a special emphasis upon the emotional and affective dimensions of the personality† (p. 109). The educator and learner are â€Å"partners. † Concepts that define the humanistic philosophy include experiential learning, individuality, self-directedness, and self-actualization. Humanistic teaching methods contain group discussion, team teaching, individualized learning, and the discovery method. Rogers, Maslow, Knowles, and McKenzie are facilitators of the humanistic philosophy. The challenge is as this concentrates on people’s natural desire to learn, the teacher is a facilitator and students relate to past experience with this approach; however, if there isn’t mutual respect between the students and teacher this method will probably fail. Radical Educational Philosophy The radical adult education philosophy promotes extreme social, political, and economic change through education. Radical education does not work within existing social norms or structures, but strives to change those structures. Within this philosophy, the educator and learner are equal partners in the learning process. The educator is the coordinator of the class and makes suggestions but does not direct the learning process. This philosophy embraces concepts such as noncompulsory learning and deschooling. Exposure to the media and people in real life situations are considered effective teaching methods. Holt, Freire, and Illich are proponents of the radical adult education philosophy. Radicalism falls outside the realm on mainstream adult education philosophy, mainly because the purposes of many adult education activities are not parallel with the purposes of radical adult education. Identification of Adult Education Philosophical Orientation How to cite Workforce Education, Papers

Faecal Incontinence and Constipation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Faecal Incontinence and Constipation. Answer: Introduction The assignment deals with the case study of Ron (88, M) experiencing cough, headache, and fever since 8 days. The purpose of the assignment is to discuss the factors to be considered for conducting the health assessment for Ron. Further, it covers risk assessments needed for the patient supporting with rationale. The assignment discusses the implications of hospitalisation on the patient and his family and intends to high light the ways to overcome them. Based on the case study, the nursing care plan is developed using NANDA guidelines. These include nursing diagnosis, goals, and nursing interventions appropriate for Ron. Factors when considering the health assessment data There is a need of past medical history and need to know the physiological conditions. Past medication history is needed as certain medications are risk factors for constipation. For instance, the use of statins and antimuscarinics are known to be associated with clinical constipation. Past medical history is required to know the factors that may cause infection, or probability of other chronic illnesses such as COPD and others. Poor mental health can be the risk factor for older adults. Smoking, alcohols or drug abuse stress, anxiety and depression can lead to chronic conditions. Mental health and the cognitive ability (Confusion, and delirium) are the factors to be considered during the health assessment as they are contributors of may complicated illnesses (Iqbal, Gupta, Venkatarao, 2015). Social history is the other factors to be considered in the health assessment. Social isolation in old age leads to poor mental and physical health. Since Ron is restricted to home with decreased gait and mobility, he may be at risk of decreasing physical and mental health. In addition, Ron does not have his wife with him and hence he may be lacking the emotional support needed at this age. Social isolation leads to loneliness and depression at old age. It is necessary to know the family members support and other important people in the life of Ron. Further economic factors need to be considered to determine the care plan accordingly. Financial barrier may hamper the diagnosis and care process (Jarvis, 2015) Other factor to consider for risk is age. Ron is 88 years old and with aging alteration in mobility is evident. It is due to the decreasing muscle function, strength and loss of muscle mass and decrease gait. The decrease in gait is evident in Ron. Age is the risk factor for various chronic illnesses (Bickley Szilagyi, 2012). In addition there is need to consider the gender issues as there is a difference in the health reacted behaviour between men and women. Some patient may prefer to talk about health issue to same sex person. Knowing the patients culture and ethnicity is important as health belies vireos in different culture and may hamper the health assessment process. Language may act as barrier to health assessment, therefore it is required to know the language preferred by Ron and if he needs medical interpreter (Jarvis, 2015) Risk assessments and Rationale Fall risk assessment- Since Ron is needs assistance with activities of daily living as he has an unsteady gait and walks with the 4-wheelie walker; there is an increased risk of fall. Fall leads to complicated outcomes such as serious injury such as fracture, decline in functional status, admission in hospitals, and increased use of medical service, and death from injury. Most elderly people develop a fear of falling after a fall. Thus, it is necessary to assess the risk of fall or near falls in the case of Ron (Aranda-Gallardo, et al., 2013) Risk assessment for pressure ulcer- Ron is at high risk of pressure ulcer. Patients who are bound to bed or wheelchair are at high risk of developing pressure ulcer. These are more likely to occur at hips, buttocks, and sacrum. The risk of pressure ulcer needs to be assessed as it is difficult to treat. Pressure ulcers significantly hamper the patients quality of life and thus early identifying the conditions that may lead to this condition will help prevent(Chou, et al., 2013). Mental state assessment includes risk assessment for geriatric depression and cognitive impairment. The rationale for selecting this assessment is high prevalence of depression among older adults. Depression decreases the quality of life as it commonly accompanies complicating medical illnesses. Ron is 88 years old and lives with his daughter. He is dependent on her physically and may be at risk of depression. His depression can be due to social isolation for being mostly restricted to house (Conradsson, et al., 2013). Pneumonia risk assessment- The symptom commonly presented in pneumonia are fever, headache, cough, tachypnoea, increased confusion, loss of appetite, breathlessness and wheezing. These symptoms are also evident in Ron and hence it s necessary to identify if he is at risk of pneumonia. The vital signs of the patient include pulse 105, BP 125/70, respiratory rate 28, and temperature 37.8. Ron has not open bowels since four days and symptoms similar to this are found in pneumonia (Iinuma, et al., 2015). Implications of hospitalisations Illness hampers the quality of life and decreases the self-esteem of any patient. In this situation, the knowledge of body image and self identity can affect care. Ron may feel stressed about frailty and decreasing physical strength. Greater attention to body image can hamper the delivery of care. Many elderly patients after the illness and hospital admission may feel themselves as less attractive. Hospitalisation and illness are accompanied with dietary changes and social isolation and loneliness. The psychological implications of the illness and bed rest are worse. In addition to functional decline, the patients may feel anxious and depressed caused by feeling of dependency. Ron may experience a sudden change in the mental function. As Ron is dependent on his daughter for activities of daily living and emotional support, he may feel the loss of autonomy. He may not be able to participate in clinical decision-making and may have fear of compromising his preferences and values. The p atient may also feel a loss of respect and dignity. Hospitalisation of the household member leads to psychological distress among other members in the family due to uncertainty of the health outcomes (Bello, et al., 2014). The patient may feel homesickness and boredom, as he is mainly restricted to house due to poor mobility. The illness may affect the education of the other in the house such as grandchildren. It may influence the household responsibilities of Rons daughter and her husband. Admission to hospital involves financial burden. Depending on the length of the hospital stay, the financial difficulties may increase. If the socioeconomic status of the family is low then the illness is an added burden on the family. Ron may also feel like burden on the family (Berman, et al., 2014). Nurse can deliver patient centred care where the patients values, beliefs and preferences will be considered. Nurse can reduce the psychological implications in Ron by giving motivational session and involving him in clinical decision-making. It will reduce the anxiety, depression and poor self-image. By following the ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and social justice, it is possible to overcome the psychological implications on Ron and his family (Berman, et al., 2014). Nursing process Nursing Diagnosis Goal Intervention Rationale Evaluation Risk of ineffective airway clearance and infection related to respiratory tract as evident from persistent fever, and cough since 8 days in the patient and high respiratory rate (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association., 2015) To reduce the infection like symptoms such as fever and headache and promote airway clearance in-patient which will be evidenced by decreased cough, tachypnoea and respiratory rate. Conduct lung assessment for breath sound and coarse crackles. Note cough for efficacy and coordinate with the respiratory therapist (Ghosh, OKelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016). The presence of coarse crackles during the late inspiration is indicative of fluid in airway. Airway obstruction can be confirmed by wheezing (Gatford Phillips, 2016). The patient demonstrates effective coughing, decrease in fever. The patient will demonstrate normal vital signs. No sign of tachypnea after the intervention Time- 48-72 hours Give medication as prescribed by the physician for fever and cough. These may include antibiotics, bronchodilators, mucolytic agents and monitor for side effects and effectiveness (Ghosh, OKelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) A variety of medications are available to that treats the specific problem. Most of them may promote airway clearance. It may decrease the airway resistance (Bullock Manias, 2013). Educate the patient on coughing, deep breathing and splinting techniques and proper use of the medication and inhalers. The breathing technique that will be taught to the patient is to take deep breath, and hold for two seconds followed by coughing two to three times in succession(Ghosh, OKelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016). It is important for the patient to know the proper technique and underlying principle for keeping airway clean. An ineffective coughing leads to compromised airway clearance Patient education is necessary as understanding the prescription will promote the safe and effective administration of medication (Tiziani, 2017). Impaired elimination and exchange due to risk for constipation as evident from the stool retention for 4 days in Ron (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association., 2015) To improve the bowel movement of the patient and relief from discomfort due to unopened bowels. Encourage the patient to increase the fluid intake unless cardiac limitations (Ghosh, O'Kelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) Adequate fluid amount is required to keep the faecal mass soft (Coggrave, Norton, Cody, 2014) The patient has improved bowel frequency that is normal at this age The patient demonstrates relive from discomfort. The patient learns the measure that treats constipation The patient maintain normal diet. Time- 48 hours Suggest balanced diet to the patient that consists of adequate fresh fruits, fibres, vegetables and grains (Ghosh, O'Kelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) One should not have around 20 grams of fibres per day as it adds bulk to the stool and a makes the defecation process easier (Coggrave, Norton, Cody, 2014) The patient can be administered with laxative (Ghosh, O'Kelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) Laxative irritate the bowel mucosa and causes rapid propulsion of the small intestine contents (Moini, 2015) Impaired safety due to risk of fall and injury as evident from decreased gait and mobility (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association., 2015) Improve patient safety by preventing fall, so the patient will be free of fall during his hospitalisation 1.During every shift the patient should asses the fall score of Ron and the nurse must screen Ron for stability and mobility skills(sit to stand, supine to sit, walking and turning around) (Zwar, et al., 2016) Fall scores helps to determine the risk of falling in the patient. Depending on the score preventive measures can be taught to the client. Screening will help to determine methods to ensure safety (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015) The patient demonstrates safety behaviour in two weeks of time The patient has the knowledge of fall and fall prevention techniques Time -24-72 hours2. Nurse should keep the patients bed in the lowest position all the time and modify the environment such as removing tables and chairs in the path(Zwar, et al., 2016). n case the patient wakes up at night to drink water or toilet, lower bed positioning will reduce his risk of fall. It is necessary to remove obstacles in the patients path such as chairs and tables or any other object to avoid accident and fall or injury. It is evident from literature that majority of falls are related to toileting. Therefore it is necessary that path to washroom is clear (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015) 3. Ron should be given yellow fall risk bracelet and yellow socks so that other nurses and staff will be aware of his delicate situation (Zwar, et al., 2016) Yellow bracelet and socks act as alert for other nursing staff. It will increase their vigilance and they will be greatly obliged to watch for falls (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015) Conclusion The paper comprehensively discusses the factors that are to be considered for the health assessment of Ron. The risk assessment appropriate for the case study are highlighted and the implications of hospitalisation on the patient is discussed. Illness hampers the quality of life and decreases the self-esteem of any patient. It significantly hampers the mental wellbeing of the family members. The nursing process presented in this paper comprises of diagnosis and goals that are based on the NANDA principles. 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