Back of the Bus Theory

For what reason do African Americans despite everything keep on sitting towards the rear of the transport 60 years after the fact? It is an exceptionally astounding inquiry that merits an answer. History lets us know through all around scripted documentation going back to the social equality developments of Martin Luther King Jr. what's more, Rosa Parks; that African Americans were resolved to be treated as equivalent individuals and requested their place in the public arena through peaceful fights. With these realities despite everything waiting in the psyches of pioneers and older folks of an age totally wiped out, an individual needs to ponder; could this be the drawn out aftereffects of a specific sort of mental programming, or is it viewed as cool among a lost age to sit towards the rear of the transport now? During a period where African Americans were not viewed as equivalent by most of whites in the southern states, it was hard to keep up in a period of unfairness, disparity, and vulnerability. Most, if few out of every odd foundation in the south, had gotten totally isolated, and to be brought into the world an African American during those occasions was viewed as a wrongdoing deserving of man-made laws that promised to ensure and serve the American individuals. African Americans were viewed as peasants, who were tormented and made instances of regularly; none of which, has changed a lot of given our current conditions. Presently you likely may be figuring; what does this have to do with African Americans and the rear of the transport hypothesis? Subliminally, African Americans have returned to and are assuming their legitimate position close to the back of the general public. Sounds insane, however does this just happen in urban zones, or possibly this is something that movements past the downtowns? What is the reason for such non-intelligent conduct inside a race that battled for quite a long time in taking care of such an issue? Is this issue fixable and provided that this is true, how would we get to the root? African Americans have been modified to think, react, and act in such a way without monitoring it occurring. In this way, the work of art and operant molding of the psyche can arrive at maximum capacity with no disturbance from the guineas pigs. For instance, when African Americans were brought to America a few hundred years back and exchanged as slaves, etc, they must be broken of all positive and mental spirits. Over the long haul, slave proprietors and bosses revamped the slave mind; providing and transferring just the vital data to the guinea pig to be done. This is never really control is kept up times, in this way augmenting the work yield, and limiting the departure check. Be that as it may, as most examinations led on people creatures (e. g. Ruler Programming, Mk-Ultra) it will in general experience the ill effects of a type of glitch over some stretch of time and the outcomes can be annihilating. The unconditioned improvement and reaction alongside the adapted upgrade and reaction assumes a significant job with most if not all African American youngsters and youthful grown-ups who travel on life’s open transportation framework. Character is difficult to obtain when youthful grown-ups are continually amassed by outside impacts, and individual experience will in general be the best educator while looking for one’s own self. A similar way style patterns are set by significant companies and followed by most if not all Americans; are exactly the same methods utilized when seat determination becomes possibly the most important factor for our age. Presently break down this reality, Rosa Parks would not surrender her seat during the mid-late 1950’s because of disparity and bad form of this framework. This would be viewed as the unconditioned upgrade. She would not stick to specific principles, rules, and guidelines put forward, and the exposure created from this at no other time seen uprising started debate among her African American companions to go with the same pattern. The uprising in African Americans is viewed as the unconditioned reaction in this specific case. The molded improvement is easy to distinguish. The refusal of Rosa Parks matched with the social liberties dissent of that period would bring about the acclaimed blacklist of the Alabama open transport framework in this manner making the molded reaction. In the event that this is known to be valid, at that point why have African American youngsters and youthful grown-ups adjusted the rear of the transport attitude after the entirety of this has occurred? Researchers and scientists love to lead tests when confronted with circumstances that have different answers. On the off chance that your kid has uncontrolled and sporadic solid discharges, you talk with your neighborhood doctor; he/she will run test to decide the reason, where and how it began, and propose to you choices for goals. Once in a while these arrangements are on point, and now and again they misdiagnose the side effects. The arrangement that was proposed during the times of Rosa Parks was clearly brief or misdiagnosed thinking about genuine beliefs and perspectives. Individuals state once you figure out how to ride a bicycle you always remember, well imagine a scenario in which somebody never showed you how to ride a bicycle would you realize how to ride one. Creature impulses are something that we as people have normally; so all together for a person to comprehend one’s activities, we should look towards the educator who has impact over the individual greater part of the time. This will decide the individuals’ standards of conduct, and eventually talks on who that individual will become later on. The nature and support hypothesis sets that announcement. Anyway, how does this correspond with African Americans and the rear of the transport hypothesis? Take police hounds for example, they are use for an assortment of missions, yet the key point here, is that these particular animals are prepared all day every day to be forceful and assault on order. With this being expressed, people can turn out to be intellectually prepared to perform explicit errands on order through the subliminal without being completely mindful; consequently the rear of the transport hypothesis. All in all, the encounters of our past can change our future in the event that we decide to modify it. What our qualities, desires, and objectives are can be a central factor in where we decide to sit on life’s open transport.

2004 MLB Wins Regression Essay -- essays research papers

On Wednesday, October 27th 2004, the Curse of the Bambino was at last lifted off the City of Boston and its tolerant baseball fans (see Appendix A for additional on the Curse). Without precedent for a long time, the Boston Red Sox were the title holders of baseball. There is no contending that the 2004 Red Sox were a decent group that played incredible baseball all through the season. The group was driven not by ability developed through the Red Sox’ ranch framework however by extravagant, free-operator acquisitions, for example, Pedro Martinez, Manny Ramirez, Keith Foulke, Curt Shilling and David Ortiz. The normal age for a Red Sox colleague was 31.1 years, the most established group normal in the association. Moreover, the aggregate finance for the 2004 Red Sox was the second most noteworthy in Major League Baseball at $125,208,542 or $4,173,618 per player. The past two insights portray a portion of the off-field segment cosmetics of the 2004 Red Sox. In extra to being a veteran and generously compensated ball club, the Red Sox performed well on the field also. The group batting normal (number of hits isolated by number of authority at-bats) of the Red Sox was tied for the most elevated of the 30 Major Leagues groups at 0.282. As far as pitching insights, the Red Sox were in the top third of earned run normal (E.R.A.; the quantity of earned runs permitted per nine innings of play). Handling normal (number of effective handling endeavors partitioned by complete number of handling endeavors) is the main significant measurement where the Red Sox were altogether underneath the mean, positioning in the base quartile. I am keen on investigating the Major League Baseball information from the 2004 season to decide the elements that best anticipate achievement (estimated by the quantity of group wins). I am particularly keen on breaking down the connection among wins and finance. I am generally inquisitive about this relationship since this relationship can be constrained by the ball club’s the board. On-field execution is less controllable by the team’s the board since it has a higher ‘human performance’ component. Besides, I will acquire the direct relapse conditions for the different factors and specifying the extra measure of wins for the minimal measure of the free factor. Notwithstanding breaking down the connection among finance and wins, I am additionally keen on investigating the connection between other major measurable categ... ...s out the degree of finance was not a noteworthy variable for foreseeing the quantity of wins. In spite of the fact that the Boston Red Sox had a high finance, I reason that their prosperity was considerably more identified with their boss hitting and pitching during 2004 than to their high-finance. Addendum A The Legend of the Curse In 1918 the Red Sox won their fifth World Series, the most by any club around then. One of the stars of the Boston title establishment was a youthful pitcher by the name of George Herman Ruth, otherwise known as The Babe or The Bambino. In 1920, in any case, Red Sox proprietor Harry Frazee required cash to fund his better half's play, so he offered Babe Ruth's agreement to Colonel Jacob Ruppert's New York Yankees for $100,000 (in addition to a credit collateralized by Fenway Park). From that point forward, the Yankees, who had always lost a World Championship securing Ruth, have proceeded to win 26, and are apparently one of the best examples of overcoming adversity throughout the entire existence of game. In the interim, the Boston Red Sox have showed up in just four World Series since 1918, losing every one in game seven. Many consider Boston's presentation after the takeoff of Babe Ruth to be owing to "The Curse of the Bambino." 2004 MLB Wins Regression Essay - expositions look into papers On Wednesday, October 27th 2004, the Curse of the Bambino was at last lifted off the City of Boston and its tolerant baseball fans (see Appendix A for additional on the Curse). Without precedent for a long time, the Boston Red Sox were the title holders of baseball. There is no contending that the 2004 Red Sox were a decent group that played superb baseball all through the season. The group was driven not by ability developed through the Red Sox’ ranch framework yet by costly, free-specialist acquisitions, for example, Pedro Martinez, Manny Ramirez, Keith Foulke, Curt Shilling and David Ortiz. The normal age for a Red Sox colleague was 31.1 years, the most seasoned group normal in the class. Furthermore, the aggregate finance for the 2004 Red Sox was the second most elevated in Major League Baseball at $125,208,542 or $4,173,618 per player. The past two insights portray a portion of the off-field segment cosmetics of the 2004 Red Sox. In extra to being a veteran and generously compensated ball club, the Red Sox performed well on the field also. The group batting normal (number of hits partitioned by number of authority at-bats) of the Red Sox was tied for the most elevated of the 30 Major Leagues groups at 0.282. As far as pitching measur ements, the Red Sox were in the top third of earned run normal (E.R.A.; the quantity of earned runs permitted per nine innings of play). Handling normal (number of fruitful handling endeavors partitioned by absolute number of handling endeavors) is the main significant measurement where the Red Sox were altogether beneath the mean, positioning in the base quartile. I am keen on breaking down the Major League Baseball information from the 2004 season to decide the variables that best foresee achievement (estimated by the quantity of group wins). I am particularly keen on breaking down the connection among wins and finance. I am generally inquisitive about this relationship since this relationship can be constrained by the ball club’s the executives. On-field execution is less controllable by the team’s the executives since it has a higher ‘human performance’ component. Moreover, I will get the straight relapse conditions for the different factors and specifying the extra measure of wins for the peripheral measure of the autonomous variable. Notwithstanding dissecting the connection among finance and wins, I am likewise keen on breaking down the connection between other major factual categ... ...s out the degree of finance was not a huge variable for foreseeing the quantity of wins. In spite of the fact that the Boston Red Sox had a high finance, I reason that their prosperity was considerably more identified with their boss hitting and pitching during 2004 than to their high-finance. Supplement A The Legend of the Curse In 1918 the Red Sox won their fifth World Series, the most by any club around then. One of the stars of the Boston title establishment was a youthful pitcher by the name of George Herman Ruth, otherwise known as The Babe or The Bambino. In 1920, be that as it may, Red Sox proprietor Harry Frazee required cash to back his better half's play, so he offered Babe Ruth's agreement to Colonel Jacob Ruppert's New York Yankees for $100,000 (in addition to a credit collateralized by Fenway Park). From that point forward, the Yankees, who had always lost a World Championship obtaining Ruth, have proceeded to win 26, and are seemingly one of the best examples of overcoming adversity throughout the entire existence of game. In the interim, the Boston Red Sox have showed up in just four World Series since 1918, losing every one in game seven. Many consider Boston's presentation after the takeoff of Babe Ruth to be inferable from "The Curse of the Bambino."

Resume Tips Part 1 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume

Resume Tips Part 1 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume When I review resumes I find many commonly used words and phrases that are either outright erroneous or simply useless on a resume. I hope this short series of resume tips will decrease the appearance of these words on resumes throughout the job-hunting market. Words to delete from your resume: Various, variety, etc. 1. Various (or “a variety of”). Compare: a. Performed legal research and wrote memoranda and briefs on various civil procedural and substantive issues. b. Performed legal research and wrote memoranda and briefs on civil procedural and substantive issues, including unconscionability, issue preclusion and equitable estoppel. Version a. leaves us with nothing to grab on to. The candidate in version b. sounds a lot more interesting doesn’t she? The trick is to list the actual things that constitute the variety. Variety on its own doesnt tell us much. I acknowledge that there might be exceptions to this rule. Sometimes it does work to use the word “various” or “variety.” My recommendation is to take it out and see if the bullet works better. It probably will. Please report back what you discover. 2. Etc. “Etc.” is just a variation on various. Example: a. Managed, developed, and supervised programmatic activities that reduce recidivism through individual counseling, mentoring, family supportive counseling, girls empowerment groups, life skills classes, leadership workshops, etc. This list is long enough. What could possibly be added by adding “etc.” to the end of it? It just leaves the reader hanging. Make your list, put an “and’ before the last item, and add to it in your interview if necessary. You are welcome to precede your list with “including” or “such as.” OK now go look at your resume. Did you find various or etc.? Did you delete them? What was the impact? Share the results in the comments below. Hope you found these resume tips useful. For more resume writing assistance, check out  The Essay Experts Resume Writing Services.

Miley Cyrus s Original Image Essay - 1654 Words

As Miley Cyrus’s audience matured she purposefully changed her image by creating a new star text that was the polar opposite of her previous. A star text is considered to be everything that we associate with a start, including their promotion and body of work. Her hit sitcom Hannah Montana built her previous brand identity that connected with her audience of adolescent children. Miley’s original image was known for being a sweet and innocent teenage girl. Now her current start text identifies with heartbreak, drugs, activism and nonconformity. The extreme change of start text shocked and dismayed individuals. Many social media users and celebrity journalist wrote the transformation off implying it as a lost girl in her twenties making mistakes she will eventually regret. Despite the negative comments, Miley has embraced her star text using it for free publicity and media attention. Despite Miley Cyrus’s claims that her controversial change was not for reward or fame. Her old star text became mundane to mainstream media and her maturing audience, compelling her to reinvent her star text in order to continue being famous and successful in the music industry. To illustrate, many still remember Miley Cyrus as the sweet pop-star and down to earth character from her role as Hannah Montana on Disney Channel. At some point many fans believed that the personality of Miley Cyrus corresponded to her role on Hannah Montana. In her honest interviews and real encounters with fans,Show MoreRelatedMiley Cyrus s Influence On The Media Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesThrough Miley Cyrus’s years on her hit sitcom her brand identity and start text were made. Her original star text was known a young sweet innocent teenage girl that believed in love. As Miley and her audience matured she began to revolutionize her image by creating herself a new star text that was the polar opposite of her previous. Her new star text was completely self and media driven. 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Beginning with Disney princesses, Orenstein comes to examine American Girl dolls, the â€Å"tween† market, Miley Cyrus, social media, beauty pageants, and of course, Barbie, all in the united effort to best understand the decisions she is making for her daughter. potential body issues, poor self-esteem, ramped sexism, and gender essentialist impositions, The â€Å"princess phase† is first up forRead MoreFan Art : Art Or Not?1535 Words   |  7 Pagesthe artist who produced the original art wants to have control of the work. Mostly, the monetary benefits of their work. In fan art, the fans become the artists. There is nothing wrong with that, but things go wrong is when fans copy the original work completely which challenges the people involved with the original work. But I think that just because it is a derivative, we can’t disregard it. I think fan art is legitimate and must be respected. 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Analysis of the Metaphor in the “Fisherman” Poem by Kurt...

13 November, 2011 Analysis of the Metaphor in the â€Å"Fisherman† poem by Kurt Brown Life is a fishing ocean. This reveals the activities of man on a daily basis, where man has to go in search of his daily bread and the obstacles that he encounters. Brown’s poem, â€Å"Fisherman,† illustrates the sad condition of man and life’s struggles through the metaphor of a fisherman. Reading the poem makes me observe how life is in this period of recession, where man’s ego is far seen but his contentment is appreciated. Life is known not to be easy, and man still existing, hoping that he wakes someday and life is better. Brown uses the fishing and ocean metaphors to convey these key meanings and emotions: broken ego, envy, hope with perseverance and†¦show more content†¦This demonstrates how envy originates in the life of a man. Life struggles can be frustrating if no profit is seen and will definitely make a man envious of others. Man could see his peer’s prosperity as a challenge of patient and encouragement. In the case of the fisherman, he is a man without fear to strive on, though with a broken ego, he is not letting go and is ready to do whatever it takes to change his condition. Brown illustrates these concepts in this verse: â€Å"each day he grabs his gear and makes his way to the ocean, at least he is sure of that† (15-17). This suggests hope and perseverance. A man that is hopeful has a better opportunity for tomorrow; this is shown in the life of the fisherman as he goes out everyday not minding his circumstances but hopeful that tomorrow will be better. Hope gives birth to perseverance because he accepts his condition no matter how overwhelming it is. Brown uses the metaphor â€Å"soon he’s drifting under clouds, wind whispering blandishment is his ears. It could be today: the water heaves and settles like a chest he’s not far out† (25-30). Man’s life s truggles is frustrating, irksome but he is still thankful and appreciative that he has a means of livelihood and can still afford comfort no matter how small. The poet uses the metaphor to convey contentment: â€Å"Soon hes drifting under clouds, wind whispering blandishments / in his ears. It could

Workforce Education Free Essays

Author Note Heartfelt thanks to Dr. Terre Eversden to have given me an opportunity to present a paper on the Adult Educational Philosophies – Benefits and Challenges their involvement in real life scenarios or the environment we live in. The paper captures the benefits, challenges and example to each Adult Education Philosophy i. We will write a custom essay sample on Workforce Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. Liberal, Behavioral, Humanistic and Progressive. Abstract An adult education philosophy, or philosophical orientation, is the categorization of an individual’s beliefs, values, and attitudes toward adult education and what the purpose and outcome of adult education should be. In this paper, I shall discuss of Liberal Educational Philosophy, Behaviorist Educational Philosophy, Progressive Educational Philosophy, Humanistic Educational Philosophy and finally Radical Humanistic Philosophy. These are the Adult Educational Philosophies. Benefits and Challenges of each of these philosophies shall be discussed in brief. Keywords: liberal, behaviorist, progressive, humanistic, radical, educational, philosophy Liberal Educational Philosophy The liberal adult education philosophy stresses the development of intellectual powers. Liberals always seek knowledge. They work to transmit knowledge and clearly direct learning. The educator is the â€Å"expert†, and directs the learning process with complete authority. Learning methods used include lecture, study groups, and discussion. Socrates, Plato, and Piaget were practitioners of the liberal philosophy. (Note: Liberal adult education does not refer to liberal political views; it is related to Liberal Arts. ). According to liberal adult education, â€Å"the educated person possesses the four components of a liberal education: rational or intellectual education which involves wisdom, moral values, a spiritual or religious dimension, and an aesthetic sense† (Elias Merriam, 1995, p. 26). Liberal adult education emphasizes liberal learning, organized knowledge, and the development of the intellectual powers of the mind. It also stresses philosophy, religion, and the humanities over science. The teacher is given a prominent place within this philosophy, and must be well-versed in many intellectual interests. Liberal adult education employs heavy promotion of theoretical thinking. This philosophy is suited for adult learners because it requires life experience in order to fully gain from the reflection and contemplation involved in liberal education’s goals. To illustrate the significance of this philosophy, Elias and Merriam (1995) write: As long as the human person does these things [searches for truth, desires to develop their moral character, strives for spiritual and religious visions, and seeks the beautiful in life and nature], the liberal tradition in education will be a potent force.  (p. 42). The negatives of liberal approach are not everyone is critical thinkers and problem solvers and their opinions can be swayed by others. Example: A liberal classroom setting is a more traditional environment. In the classroom you my just have a lecture or even break students or adults into study groups to help each other out. Another option is critical reading and discussion. This approach allows students to free themselves from past experience. They are able to prepare themselves for diversity and change. It teacher teaches them to be critical thinkers and problem solvers. Behaviorist Educational Philosophy A major tenet of behaviorism is the belief that â€Å"all human behavior is the result of a person’s prior conditioning and is determined by external forces in the environment over which a person has little or no control† (Elias and Merriam, 1995, p. 79). Because behaviorism fundamentally aims toward individual and societal survival, emphasis is put on skill acquisition and learning how to learn. Thus, the teacher must create an environment that is optimal for bringing about behavior that ensures survival. The behaviorist adult education philosophy emphasizes the importance of the environment in shaping the learner. The traits of the behaviorist teacher are close to those of the liberal, in that the behaviorist â€Å"manages† the learning process and directs learning. Behaviorist concepts include mastery learning and standards-based education. Some teaching methods used by behaviorist educators include programmed instruction, contract learning, and computer guided instruction. Learners are active and able to demonstrate a measurable, learned behavior. Accountability is an important concept in behaviorism and punctuates that teachers and learners are both accountable for successful learning. Behaviorism is strong in setting clearly defined purposes, learning objectives, and in selecting experiences that work toward those purposes and objectives. Evaluation is valued in assessing the attainment of the behaviors being taught. Vocational training and teacher certifications are both behaviorist practices. Skinner, Thorndike, and Steinberg were believers in the behaviorist philosophical tenet. Example: A good example of Behaviorist is a coach. If a coach tells you what to do then you have to do it, otherwise you won’t get to play. You must practice the task on hand in order to be successful just like in sports. The teacher has to be a manager who directs the learner outcomes and design the environment. Many teachers must be competency-based teacher. Competency-based focuses on outcomes and has a certain curriculum that teachers have to follow to get the outcome that they want. Progressive Educational Philosophy The power of progressivism runs deep in American adult education, as stressed by Elias and Merriam (1995): â€Å"Progressivism has had a greater impact upon the adult 14 education movement in the United States than any other single school of thought† (p. 45). The progressive philosophy of adult education stresses an experiential, problem-solving approach to learning. Like behaviorism, progressivism sees the goal of education being individual and societal. However, the goal of progressive education is improvement rather than survival, which is achieved through liberating the learner. There are five basic principles of adult progressive education. The first is a broadened view or concept of education, meaning that education is not restricted to formal, classroom instruction but is a lifelong process influenced by many sectors of society and daily life. The second principle is a new focus on the learner and the potential of that person to learn more than his or her immediate interests. The third principle is the introduction of new instructional methodologies. Diversifying these teaching methods in turn diversified learner knowledge gained by learning from those methods. The fourth principle is a new teacher-learner relationship that is interactive and reciprocal. The fifth principle is that education is an instrument for preparing learners to change society. Learners of this philosophy need problem solving skills and practical knowledge. They learn by doing, inquiring, being involved in the community, and responding to problems. Teaching methods used in this philosophy include problem solving, the scientific method, and cooperative learning. The educator is an organizer who guides learning instead of directing learning and evaluates the learning process. Progressive proponents include Spencer, Dewey, and Lindeman Example: Progressive setting is showing someone how to frame a wall while constructing a house and then watching them do it themselves. Progressive is showing someone how to do something and then they do it while you guide them through the task. Training and Development in present organizations follow such type of education. Humanistic Educational Philosophy Humanistic education aims at the development of people who are open to change and continued learning, people who strive for self-actualization, and people who can live together as fully-functioning individuals. The humanistic philosophy of adult education follows some basic principles such as the following: human nature is naturally good; freedom and autonomy influence behavior; individuality and potentiality are unlimited and should be nurtured; self-concept leads to self-actualization; perception of the world explains behavior; and individuals have a responsibility to humanity. Foundations of humanistic education lie in the following: the notion of self-concept; that the adult defines himself in terms of the accumulation of a unique set of life experiences; that an adult’s readiness to learn is linked to developmental tasks unique to a stage in life; and that adults desire an immediate application of knowledge. The humanistic adult education philosophy seeks to facilitate personal growth and development. Humanists are highly motivated and self-directed learners; responsibility to learn is assumed by the learner. The humanist educator facilitates learning but does not direct learning. According to Elias and Merriam (1995), â€Å"Humanistic adult educators are concerned with the development of the whole person with a special emphasis upon the emotional and affective dimensions of the personality† (p. 109). The educator and learner are â€Å"partners. † Concepts that define the humanistic philosophy include experiential learning, individuality, self-directedness, and self-actualization. Humanistic teaching methods contain group discussion, team teaching, individualized learning, and the discovery method. Rogers, Maslow, Knowles, and McKenzie are facilitators of the humanistic philosophy. The challenge is as this concentrates on people’s natural desire to learn, the teacher is a facilitator and students relate to past experience with this approach; however, if there isn’t mutual respect between the students and teacher this method will probably fail. Radical Educational Philosophy The radical adult education philosophy promotes extreme social, political, and economic change through education. Radical education does not work within existing social norms or structures, but strives to change those structures. Within this philosophy, the educator and learner are equal partners in the learning process. The educator is the coordinator of the class and makes suggestions but does not direct the learning process. This philosophy embraces concepts such as noncompulsory learning and deschooling. Exposure to the media and people in real life situations are considered effective teaching methods. Holt, Freire, and Illich are proponents of the radical adult education philosophy. Radicalism falls outside the realm on mainstream adult education philosophy, mainly because the purposes of many adult education activities are not parallel with the purposes of radical adult education. Identification of Adult Education Philosophical Orientation How to cite Workforce Education, Papers

Faecal Incontinence and Constipation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Faecal Incontinence and Constipation. Answer: Introduction The assignment deals with the case study of Ron (88, M) experiencing cough, headache, and fever since 8 days. The purpose of the assignment is to discuss the factors to be considered for conducting the health assessment for Ron. Further, it covers risk assessments needed for the patient supporting with rationale. The assignment discusses the implications of hospitalisation on the patient and his family and intends to high light the ways to overcome them. Based on the case study, the nursing care plan is developed using NANDA guidelines. These include nursing diagnosis, goals, and nursing interventions appropriate for Ron. Factors when considering the health assessment data There is a need of past medical history and need to know the physiological conditions. Past medication history is needed as certain medications are risk factors for constipation. For instance, the use of statins and antimuscarinics are known to be associated with clinical constipation. Past medical history is required to know the factors that may cause infection, or probability of other chronic illnesses such as COPD and others. Poor mental health can be the risk factor for older adults. Smoking, alcohols or drug abuse stress, anxiety and depression can lead to chronic conditions. Mental health and the cognitive ability (Confusion, and delirium) are the factors to be considered during the health assessment as they are contributors of may complicated illnesses (Iqbal, Gupta, Venkatarao, 2015). Social history is the other factors to be considered in the health assessment. Social isolation in old age leads to poor mental and physical health. Since Ron is restricted to home with decreased gait and mobility, he may be at risk of decreasing physical and mental health. In addition, Ron does not have his wife with him and hence he may be lacking the emotional support needed at this age. Social isolation leads to loneliness and depression at old age. It is necessary to know the family members support and other important people in the life of Ron. Further economic factors need to be considered to determine the care plan accordingly. Financial barrier may hamper the diagnosis and care process (Jarvis, 2015) Other factor to consider for risk is age. Ron is 88 years old and with aging alteration in mobility is evident. It is due to the decreasing muscle function, strength and loss of muscle mass and decrease gait. The decrease in gait is evident in Ron. Age is the risk factor for various chronic illnesses (Bickley Szilagyi, 2012). In addition there is need to consider the gender issues as there is a difference in the health reacted behaviour between men and women. Some patient may prefer to talk about health issue to same sex person. Knowing the patients culture and ethnicity is important as health belies vireos in different culture and may hamper the health assessment process. Language may act as barrier to health assessment, therefore it is required to know the language preferred by Ron and if he needs medical interpreter (Jarvis, 2015) Risk assessments and Rationale Fall risk assessment- Since Ron is needs assistance with activities of daily living as he has an unsteady gait and walks with the 4-wheelie walker; there is an increased risk of fall. Fall leads to complicated outcomes such as serious injury such as fracture, decline in functional status, admission in hospitals, and increased use of medical service, and death from injury. Most elderly people develop a fear of falling after a fall. Thus, it is necessary to assess the risk of fall or near falls in the case of Ron (Aranda-Gallardo, et al., 2013) Risk assessment for pressure ulcer- Ron is at high risk of pressure ulcer. Patients who are bound to bed or wheelchair are at high risk of developing pressure ulcer. These are more likely to occur at hips, buttocks, and sacrum. The risk of pressure ulcer needs to be assessed as it is difficult to treat. Pressure ulcers significantly hamper the patients quality of life and thus early identifying the conditions that may lead to this condition will help prevent(Chou, et al., 2013). Mental state assessment includes risk assessment for geriatric depression and cognitive impairment. The rationale for selecting this assessment is high prevalence of depression among older adults. Depression decreases the quality of life as it commonly accompanies complicating medical illnesses. Ron is 88 years old and lives with his daughter. He is dependent on her physically and may be at risk of depression. His depression can be due to social isolation for being mostly restricted to house (Conradsson, et al., 2013). Pneumonia risk assessment- The symptom commonly presented in pneumonia are fever, headache, cough, tachypnoea, increased confusion, loss of appetite, breathlessness and wheezing. These symptoms are also evident in Ron and hence it s necessary to identify if he is at risk of pneumonia. The vital signs of the patient include pulse 105, BP 125/70, respiratory rate 28, and temperature 37.8. Ron has not open bowels since four days and symptoms similar to this are found in pneumonia (Iinuma, et al., 2015). Implications of hospitalisations Illness hampers the quality of life and decreases the self-esteem of any patient. In this situation, the knowledge of body image and self identity can affect care. Ron may feel stressed about frailty and decreasing physical strength. Greater attention to body image can hamper the delivery of care. Many elderly patients after the illness and hospital admission may feel themselves as less attractive. Hospitalisation and illness are accompanied with dietary changes and social isolation and loneliness. The psychological implications of the illness and bed rest are worse. In addition to functional decline, the patients may feel anxious and depressed caused by feeling of dependency. Ron may experience a sudden change in the mental function. As Ron is dependent on his daughter for activities of daily living and emotional support, he may feel the loss of autonomy. He may not be able to participate in clinical decision-making and may have fear of compromising his preferences and values. The p atient may also feel a loss of respect and dignity. Hospitalisation of the household member leads to psychological distress among other members in the family due to uncertainty of the health outcomes (Bello, et al., 2014). The patient may feel homesickness and boredom, as he is mainly restricted to house due to poor mobility. The illness may affect the education of the other in the house such as grandchildren. It may influence the household responsibilities of Rons daughter and her husband. Admission to hospital involves financial burden. Depending on the length of the hospital stay, the financial difficulties may increase. If the socioeconomic status of the family is low then the illness is an added burden on the family. Ron may also feel like burden on the family (Berman, et al., 2014). Nurse can deliver patient centred care where the patients values, beliefs and preferences will be considered. Nurse can reduce the psychological implications in Ron by giving motivational session and involving him in clinical decision-making. It will reduce the anxiety, depression and poor self-image. By following the ethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and social justice, it is possible to overcome the psychological implications on Ron and his family (Berman, et al., 2014). Nursing process Nursing Diagnosis Goal Intervention Rationale Evaluation Risk of ineffective airway clearance and infection related to respiratory tract as evident from persistent fever, and cough since 8 days in the patient and high respiratory rate (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association., 2015) To reduce the infection like symptoms such as fever and headache and promote airway clearance in-patient which will be evidenced by decreased cough, tachypnoea and respiratory rate. Conduct lung assessment for breath sound and coarse crackles. Note cough for efficacy and coordinate with the respiratory therapist (Ghosh, OKelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016). The presence of coarse crackles during the late inspiration is indicative of fluid in airway. Airway obstruction can be confirmed by wheezing (Gatford Phillips, 2016). The patient demonstrates effective coughing, decrease in fever. The patient will demonstrate normal vital signs. No sign of tachypnea after the intervention Time- 48-72 hours Give medication as prescribed by the physician for fever and cough. These may include antibiotics, bronchodilators, mucolytic agents and monitor for side effects and effectiveness (Ghosh, OKelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) A variety of medications are available to that treats the specific problem. Most of them may promote airway clearance. It may decrease the airway resistance (Bullock Manias, 2013). Educate the patient on coughing, deep breathing and splinting techniques and proper use of the medication and inhalers. The breathing technique that will be taught to the patient is to take deep breath, and hold for two seconds followed by coughing two to three times in succession(Ghosh, OKelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016). It is important for the patient to know the proper technique and underlying principle for keeping airway clean. An ineffective coughing leads to compromised airway clearance Patient education is necessary as understanding the prescription will promote the safe and effective administration of medication (Tiziani, 2017). Impaired elimination and exchange due to risk for constipation as evident from the stool retention for 4 days in Ron (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association., 2015) To improve the bowel movement of the patient and relief from discomfort due to unopened bowels. Encourage the patient to increase the fluid intake unless cardiac limitations (Ghosh, O'Kelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) Adequate fluid amount is required to keep the faecal mass soft (Coggrave, Norton, Cody, 2014) The patient has improved bowel frequency that is normal at this age The patient demonstrates relive from discomfort. The patient learns the measure that treats constipation The patient maintain normal diet. Time- 48 hours Suggest balanced diet to the patient that consists of adequate fresh fruits, fibres, vegetables and grains (Ghosh, O'Kelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) One should not have around 20 grams of fibres per day as it adds bulk to the stool and a makes the defecation process easier (Coggrave, Norton, Cody, 2014) The patient can be administered with laxative (Ghosh, O'Kelly, Roberts, Barker, Swift, 2016) Laxative irritate the bowel mucosa and causes rapid propulsion of the small intestine contents (Moini, 2015) Impaired safety due to risk of fall and injury as evident from decreased gait and mobility (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association., 2015) Improve patient safety by preventing fall, so the patient will be free of fall during his hospitalisation 1.During every shift the patient should asses the fall score of Ron and the nurse must screen Ron for stability and mobility skills(sit to stand, supine to sit, walking and turning around) (Zwar, et al., 2016) Fall scores helps to determine the risk of falling in the patient. Depending on the score preventive measures can be taught to the client. Screening will help to determine methods to ensure safety (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015) The patient demonstrates safety behaviour in two weeks of time The patient has the knowledge of fall and fall prevention techniques Time -24-72 hours2. Nurse should keep the patients bed in the lowest position all the time and modify the environment such as removing tables and chairs in the path(Zwar, et al., 2016). n case the patient wakes up at night to drink water or toilet, lower bed positioning will reduce his risk of fall. It is necessary to remove obstacles in the patients path such as chairs and tables or any other object to avoid accident and fall or injury. It is evident from literature that majority of falls are related to toileting. Therefore it is necessary that path to washroom is clear (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015) 3. Ron should be given yellow fall risk bracelet and yellow socks so that other nurses and staff will be aware of his delicate situation (Zwar, et al., 2016) Yellow bracelet and socks act as alert for other nursing staff. It will increase their vigilance and they will be greatly obliged to watch for falls (Cangany, Back, Hamilton-Kelly, Altman, Lacey, 2015) Conclusion The paper comprehensively discusses the factors that are to be considered for the health assessment of Ron. The risk assessment appropriate for the case study are highlighted and the implications of hospitalisation on the patient is discussed. Illness hampers the quality of life and decreases the self-esteem of any patient. It significantly hampers the mental wellbeing of the family members. The nursing process presented in this paper comprises of diagnosis and goals that are based on the NANDA principles. Risk of ineffective airway clearance and infection, risk of fall and injury, and Impaired elimination and exchange are the three priority nursing diagnosis. The interventions are designed corresponding to diagnosis and goals. NANDA guidelines are useful and effective in designing appropriate care for the patient. Bibliography Aranda-Gallardo, M., Morales-Asencio, J. M., Canca-Sanchez, J. C., Barrero-Sojo, S., Perez-Jimenez, C., Morales-Fernandez, A., Mora-Banderas, A. M. (2013). Instruments for assessing the risk of falls in acute hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.. BMC health services research,, 122. Bello, N. A., Claggett, B., Desai, A. S., McMurray, J. J., Granger, C. B., Yusuf, S., Solomon, S. D. (2014). Influence of prior heart failure hospitalization on cardiovascular events in patients with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure, CIRCHEARTFAILURE, 113. Berman, A., Snyder, S. J., Kozier, B., Erb, G. L., Levett-Jones, T., Dwyer, T., Parker, B. (2014). Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Australian Edition. Pearson Higher Education AU. Bickley, L., Szilagyi, P. G. (2012). Bates' guide to physical examination and history-taking. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Bullock, S., Manias, E. (2013). Fundamentals of pharmacology. . Pearson Higher Education AU. Cangany, M., Back, D., Hamilton-Kelly, T., Altman, M., Lacey, S. (2015). Bedside nurses leading the way for falls prevention: an evidence-based approach. Critical care nurse, 82-84. Chou, R., Dana, T., Bougatsos, C., Blazina, I., Starmer, A. J., Reitel, K., Buckley, D. (2013). Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention.. Ann Intern Med,, 28-38. Coggrave, M., Norton, C., Cody, J. D. (2014). Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases.. The Cochrane Library. Conradsson, M., Rosendahl, E., Littbrand, H., Gustafson, Y., Olofsson, B., Lvheim, H. (2013). Usefulness of the Geriatric Depression Scale 15-item version among very old people with and without cognitive impairment. Aging mental health,, 638-645. Gatford, J. D., Phillips, N. (2016). Nursing Calculations E-Book. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Ghosh, S., O'Kelly, N., Roberts, E. J., Barker, C., Swift, J. (2016). Combined interventions for COPD admissions within an urban setting. . British Journal of Healthcare Management,, 123-131. Ghosh, S., OKelly, N., Roberts, E. J., Barker, C., Swift, J. (2016). The clinical and economic impact of the combined interventions of telehealth, specialist respiratory nursing care and health coaching interventions for COPD admissions within an urban setting. Iinuma, T., Arai, Y., Abe, Y., Takayama, M., Fukumoto, M., Fukui, Y., Komiyama, K. (2015). Denture wearing during sleep doubles the risk of pneumonia in the very elderly.. Journal of dental research,, 28S-36S. Iqbal, S., Gupta, S., Venkatarao, E. (2015). Stress, anxiety depression among medical undergraduate students their socio-demographic correlates. The Indian journal of medical research,, 354. Jarvis, C. (2015). Physical Examination and Health Assessment-. Elsevier Health Sciences. Moini, J. (2015). Fundamental Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians. . Cengage Learning. North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. (2015). Nursing diagnoses of NANDA: definitions and classification 2015-2017. Porto Alegre: Artmed. Tiziani, A. P. (2017). Havard's Nursing Guide to Drugs-Mobile Optimised Site. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Zwar, N. A., Bunker, J. M., Reddel, H. K., Dennis, S. M., Middleton, S., van Schayck, O. C., Xuan, W. (2016). Early intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by practice nurse and GP teams: a cluster randomized trial. . Family practice,, 663-670.

The key success factors for Nike Essay Essay Example

The key success factors for Nike? Essay Essay Nike. originally known as Blue Ribbon Spots is involved in the design. development and world-wide selling of footwear. dress. equipment and accoutrement merchandises which started its journey in early 1962. In about 200 states with around 18. 000 retail histories Nike is now the largest marketer of athletic footwear in the universe. The company focused on presenting high quality running places designed particularly for jocks by jocks. Behind its success. among many factors two cardinal factors can be easy seen which are Advertising and Marketing. Nike placed a important weight on selling and publicizing the company and its merchandises. Nike strongly bonded the contracts with extremely successful and influential jocks. managers. squads like Michael Jordan. Serena Williams. and Tiger Woods to popularise its places and other athleticss accoutrements. In its advertisement runs. Professional jocks were used which was proved both effectual and efficient. Nike besides actively followed and applied some selling programs and plans to prolong its laterality in the industry and remain competitory. Like Nike Responded to tendencies and alterations in consumer penchant by seting the mix of bing merchandise offerings. developing new merchandises. manners and classs. and influencing athleticss and fittingness penchants through its aggressive selling. Nike marketed and advertised its merchandises chiefly through Television. magazines. and runs which besides were effectual and efficient. We will write a custom essay sample on The key success factors for Nike? Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The key success factors for Nike? Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The key success factors for Nike? Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Where is Nike vulnerable? What should they watch out for? There is a fact ; Nike was asserted in utilizing famous person indorsements in their advertizers and runs. But they need to maintain in head that they should non allow the famous persons become their trade name image. If it was so. the company would run the hazard of decreasing the trade name every bit shortly as famous person becomes faded. But in the early age. they did non believe about the job that might lift by registration of single jocks ; because at a clip. people dies andnew people come in. So in such a instance ; if a famous person is Nike’s trade name image it will be lost every bit shortly as the famous person is no more. or in this instance the trade name has fallen. Nike can watch out the undermentioned things to watch out for their trade name: 1. Choosing a interpreter whose features are similar every bit good as congruent with their trade name image. 2. Nike trades with lone one merchandise line ; which is footwear. In this circumstance. Nike should watch out for merchandise variegation in order to increase their portion in the U. S market every bit good as the planetary market What recommendations would you do to their senior selling executives traveling frontward? Anyone’s short list of the world’s taking trade names would certainly include Nike. the planetary icon for the athletic places. The Nike trade name has become so strong. Brand direction is one of Nike’s many strengths. Consumers are willing to pay more for trade names that they judge to be superior in quality. manner and dependability and Nike has acquired the stigmatization image with its engineering based production methods and alone selling scheme. It is thought that utilizing professional jocks in advertisement run is both effectual and efficient. But today. athletic places market is really much competitory. Numbers of rivals are increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. They are besides seeking to take the portion of the net income by making trade name image in the consumers mind. As Nike has already created the trade name image to the consumers mind. selling directors ever need to be watchful to do certain to stable the trade name image. Nike reduced its production cost by importing places from abroad. But marketing executives should maintain in head that quality affairs. If cut downing cost reduces quality. sellers should non travel after it. Because quality cavities trade name image and that’s why quality should ever be increased to vie with the rivals. Nike is fabricating athletic places. If it tries to convert consumers to alter the usage form of these places. like they may utilize those places casually or at place. sells may increase. They should diversify the form of places. Nike can besides come in into other market relates to the footwear market to diversify its market portion. They are aiming merely the immature people clients. But a big metameric group of old and child group is non targeted. Nike can do footwear for the old and kid besides. For capturing local markets. Nike needs to plan and fabricate footwear for the local athleticss. Though Nike is fabricating athletic places for approximately more or less 30 athleticss. but there are many other local athleticss in different states. If Nike does this. it can besides get the better of local trade names and can besides increase its abroad grosss more. What should they be certain to make with its selling? 1. Nike should be certain supplying the nucleus values of the trade name what is the base construct of the trade name. Organization should utilize it as their singularity of their merchandise quality. characteristic and. after the full trade name image. 2. They should be cared of the selling run of the interpreter as if there are no anything unrealistic attitude high spots for which the people’s perceptual experience can be converted negatively. Spokes individual map should be influence able to all types of people. 3. For presenting their merchandise in the foreign market. they have to see the local market. their civilization and faith for the selling advertisement. run. Some state has traditional norms of civilization A ; strong believes in faith. 4. In footings of making a highly-flavored psychological value in the consumer head. they should guarantee come offing in assisting the many current catastrophes. Particularly. the recent issue â€Å"Anti-Global worming† plan obviously can do a better idea about the corporation. 5. In the Asia. Nike is non still that much popular as it is in the America A ; Europe so for ruling the Asiatic states and do its root in the deep of the market it has to be certain the maestro selling program. Although Nike is the market dominator in the athletic footwear market. it should be certain it’s strategic selling program for spread outing its field towards more headlong and conspicuously.

ESL Lesson Plan - Present Perfect Simple and Continuous

ESL Lesson Plan - Present Perfect Simple and Continuous Students often confuse the present perfect and present perfect continuous. This lesson employs an imaginary biography to get students asking questions and speaking about completed accomplishments (present perfect) and duration of activity (present perfect continuous). The main difference between the present perfect and present perfect continuous that students need to acquire is the difference between the amount of time the current activity has been in progress, and the amount of activity that has been done. In the first case, we use the present perfect continuous to express how long the current activity has been going on. In the second case, use the present perfect to express how many or how much has been accomplished. These guides on how to teach the present perfect continuous and how to teach the present perfect can help with further exercises and teaching suggestions. Aim Correct use of present perfect and present perfect continuous, contrasted with simple past Activity Use of an imaginary chart of life events to elicit questions and answers using both the present perfect and present perfect continuous, as well as the simple past Level Intermediate Outline Review the present perfect and present perfect continuous with the class. Focus on the difference between present perfect to express an amount finished up to the present moment (Ive read three books by Hemingway), and the present perfect continuous to express the duration of the current activity (Shes been reading for three hours).Ask students to take a look at the sentences in exercise 1 and decide if they are correct or incorrect.Make a point of discussing the use of BOTH the present perfect and present perfect continuous with common verbs such as live, work, play, drive, etc.Ask students to read the life chart of John Anderson.Have students pair up and use the question cues. Ask students to use the present perfect continuous when asking about the duration of an activity.To check if students are doing the activity correctly, ask the students to write out the questions once they have finished. John Anderson: VIP 0Born 1954 6Started school 12Started magazine delivery service 13Started playing tennis 15Hired four other boys for magazine delivery service 17Sold magazine delivery service for $20,000 17Went to Harvard Business School 18Won New York State tennis championship 19Started Supersoft software company with roommate 20Sold Supersoft for $400,000 21Graduated with honors from Harvard 22Received Masters of International Business from Yale 23Started work for Brown and Bran Inc. in New York City 25Married first wife, Josine 26First son born, Josh 26Promoted to Vice President of International Sales 27Won New York Business Clubs International Businessman Award 28Left Brown and Bran Inc. 28Started New Media Associates Inc. in New York City 29Divorced Josie 30Won New Business Innovation award 31Met and married second wife, Angela 32Second son, Philip, born 33Won over-thiry tennis tournament of New York City

A Review of How to Improve E-Commerce Term Paper

A Review of How to Improve E-Commerce - Term Paper Example It has become remarkably easy for people to hack and conduct crimes with the use of technology. Cybercrimes are exceedingly rampant in modern times since everyone is computer savvy and everything is done through the internet. Site security is responsible for making it possible for people, or organizations to conduct business. This paper will review the manner in which it can be made possible. This is through security measures that are put in place to ensure customer data confidentiality. E-commerce is the exchange of goods, services, and products over the internet. This exchange can only be made possible if the internet site that makes this exchange possible is safe (Margherita, 2005). A secure system is ready to make these transactions possible and accomplish them without any side effects. Security is all about the confidentiality, the availability, and integrity of the system (Ghosh, 2001). If these threes aspects are not met, then it is clear that the site security intended to off er security is not dependable. For the audit, helping people understand that people, or organizations value their confidentiality is the most crucial factor. Confidentiality means that whatever happens between the service provider and the clients get whatever they want without having the network oversee what happens between their deals. They cannot, therefore, interfere with the conducting of business. It would be considered a breach of privacy, which is considered a breach in confidentiality (Ghosh, 2001). The other most notable thing is integrity. It is imperative for the sites providing these services to be honest. They are supposed to give the services to clients as they were provided by the service provider. If the services being delivered were to arrive any different from how they were intended, the site’s security would be deemed as incompetent. This means that everyone will be scared of doing business in the way they usually do business. Integrity is the factor that c reates trust among the people or organizations doing online business (Ghosh, 2001). The availability of site security is also something worth noting. It is the availability of security that enables the transactions to be possible. Without them, these transactions would be impossible as crimes would be on the rise. This is since the security systems can be penetrated by anyone with exceptional computer skills and intellect. The site security can impact the conducting of business online with such availability. It can be positive and/or negative. These three aspects are appropriate in the way, and manner that site security can impact the growth and development of e-commerce (Ghosh, 2001). To ensure that the confidential nature of the business is maintained, site security could make some changes to the security systems available. Some of these changes and modifications are aimed at making the clientele feel much safer while conducting some of their businesses. Security features are upgr aded for the complete protection of the customers. These features include; authentication, authorization, and encryption (Smith, 2004). They all lead to the protection of the customers hoping to use the internet to conduct business. Authentication ensures that customers are who they say they are. This is particularly crucial in the site’s security measures to curb the infiltration of customer data. Once this is done, it is extremely easy for customers to access their businesses through the

Multi National Corporations (MNCs) must Carefully Weigh their Options Research Paper

Multi National Corporations (MNCs) must Carefully Weigh their Options in Deciding on an International Expansion Strategy - Research Paper Example For this reason, it is also referred as international group. The prime objective of a multinational enterprise is to expand the actions of the business outside the national boundaries in order to enhance its brand equity as well as its corporate image in global perspective. It also helps in augmentation of efficiency along with profitability of the organization. Hence, in order to fulfill these factors, the multinational organizations always aim to undergo international expansion strategies. Besides, in order to undertake internal expansion strategies, the multinational organizations must also consider certain financial factors as well, such as foreign exchange rate, conflicting interest rates from one country to the other, foreign tax rates, complex accounting methods for the foreign operators and foreign government interventions. Various Financial Factors In this era of globalization, the key motive of any organization is to expand its business operations in order to reduce the ris ks of the company and to augment its market potentials. In order to accomplish these objectives, foreign exchange rate offers significant influence over the organizational operations. Foreign exchange rate is referred to the rate at which the value of the currency of a specific country is transformed into another (Moles, Parrino, & Kidwell, 2011). It is also known as exchange rate or currency exchange rate. The value of the exchange rate is mainly depended on the local demand of the foreign currencies along with the local delivery of the products to other countries. Thus, it helps in easing the operations of trade among diverse countries. Hence, it can be affirmed that foreign exchange rate facilitates a multinational corporations to engage in international trade thereby reducing its business risks. This is because it offers a detailed view about the currency quotation along with market demand of a particular international country (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, n.d.). Besides, f oreign exchange rate might affect the business operations in case of inflation by lowering its profit margins. Similarly, differing or conflicting interest rates of diverse countries should also be considered by the multinational companies while deciding for international expansion. The interest rates can be referred to the amount charged or paid by a borrower for the utilization of the money. It may vary from one country to the other due to varied reasons namely inflation, political changes, deferred consumption rates and risks of investments among others. Due to inflationary prospects, the demand of the products may reduce thereby lowering the profit margin of the international organizations (Hill & Jain, 2009). Political alterations also result in changes in the interest rates of the countries thereby hampering the trade conditions, which is extremely beneficial for any MNC. Alteration in the interest rate lowers the rate of consumption of products, which increases the risks of i nvestments (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, n.d.). Thus, due to these above described factors, the interest rate differs widely from one country to the other and also offers significant impact on the business transactions of the MNCs as well. Hence, it should be considered by an MNC while deciding for international expansion. Apart from the above stated factors, the other important factor, which also influences the international exp

The Benefits Of Youth Sports

The Benefits Of Youth Sports A sport is a competitive, organized, entertaining, and dexterous physical movement requiring dedication, fair play, and strategy, and in which a winner can be distinct by objective means. It is controlled by a set of customs or rules. In sports the main factors are the xl capabilities which are physical and skills of the contestant when determining the ending be it losing or winning. The physical activity involves people movement, animals and/or a number of objects like balls and equipment or machines. In contrast, games like board games and card games; even though these can be called mind sports and some are accepted as Olympic sports, entail primarily psychological skills and only mental physical connection. Non-competitive practices, for example playing catch or jogging are usually identified as forms of recreation. (Harper, 2008)Physical actions like scoring goals or first crossing a line often define the outcome of a sport. On the other hand, performance and the degree of skill in some sports such as dressage, diving, and figure skating is judged with reference to well-defined specifications. This is in distinction with other activities judged such as body building and beauty pageants, where skill do not have to be revealed and the criteria are as well not defined. Records are kept back and updated for many sports at the top levels, whereas accomplishments and failures are generally announced in sport news. Sports are at a large amount often played only for fun or for the single reality that people require exercise to stay in fine physical condition. Nevertheless, professional sports are a major resource for entertainment. This is so because they not only excite the players but they usually attract large crowds who turn up to watch other playing. (Mandel) A youth sport on the other hand is a sport for young people to carry out, up to about an age range of 10 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 20 years are youths and they just do sports by coming together. (www.wikiansers.com). A detailed review as to the benefits of sports to the youth has been carried here-in. Sports have several benefits to those participating in them which ensure that they impart a positive impact in their lives. Youth reap many benefits from performance in sports, these includes a healthier body, self-discipline, self-confidence, and stronger relations with peers and adults. The skill youth acquire while participating in sports interpret to their additional activities and commitments, including school performance and family relationships. While young athletes expand their bodies, their minds also develop concurrently. Youth sports builds self-discipline amongst the young people. Through the commitment to a team and basically making it to each practice session is an initial step, for lots of young athletes. Involvement in youth sports also provides a ground for confidence growth. Self-confidence does not appear naturally to every person. Amusingly, one of the finest ways to increasing self-confidence is to be found in demanding situations. Challenges give an opportunity for youth to find out solutions on their own, and garner the consequences of whichever resolution they make. youths Participation in sports therefore presents such opportunities each and every time and againhow to attain on a breakaway in football, how to beat a defender while in a quick counter in basketball, or even how to talk to a colleague about his practice of failing to pass the ball often enough. Challenges, whether physical, or emotional can expand confidence in youth. Youth Participation in sports provides sufficient opportunities for them to build sturdy friendships with their peers and mentoring associations with their coaches. Young athletes profit from working together to arrive at various goals. Players become skilled at how to set the team ahead of their personal interests, this helps them develops the quality of unselfishness. Teams of athletes do not at all times get along perfectly, and putting out-of-the-way differences to play effectively together is another significant lesson to be used throughout life. When kids play sports they expand an understanding as to what their bodies is able do. Youthful athletes are often courageous, sacrificing their bodies to obstruct a kick or dive for a free ball. Playing amid this type of abandon can be very fit, and it promotes a belief in their bodies abilities. Ordinary practices and games build sturdy bones and muscles. While athletes are still young, the spotlight should be on education, having fun and being fit. (www.livestrong.com). Participation in sports improves youths health in the following areas; causes a major improvements in cardiovascular strength, as long as they are performed frequently, improves muscular power (as calculated by handgrip power)which leads to an increased coping rate ability and decreases the risks of functional restrictions in later life ,provides a major improvement in the Mental Health section Score in the first 3 months of partaking, waist-to-hip ratio also reduce in the first three months, also about a third more calories can be burnt in only an hour of some Green Gym activities instead of doing a step aerobics class (Bigelow). While athlete takes part in a sport, they will experience a lot of benefits. A number of of these will be easily recognized and short-term. While others will not be recognized easily, except will end with the athlete a lot longer and will assist form their general growth. They increase and become experts at the various sports skills they participate in. this is because they practice for quite a long time to become a force to reckon with and as we know à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“practice practice makes perfectà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ there is no doubt they eventually become experts in their fields. Sport offer youth a chance to improve their capacity to make decisions and acknowledge responsibilities. This is so because many sports entail making a lot of decisions. For example in football one has to make the right decision when to pass the ball or when to score. It is the same in most mind sport where it is usually a single mistake and you are done, therefore a lot of decision has to be made on the moves to take. Since sports give youth a chance to make various decisions they are able to differentiate good from bad decisions. (www.ehow.com) Youth can develop an interest in ongoing sports involvement even as adults this will mean taking that sport as your carrier. It is worth noting that a large number of families are fed by various sportsmen who engage in only sporting activities. sports has therefore proved to be a source of income to the youth who are participating in them and so many youth should be encouraged to participate in the same. This incomes earned from youth sports are taxed by the government where earned this means that through youth sports a country is able to earn income which it can use in carrying out any of its development agendas. Further, through sports that youth expand a sense of achievement, that helps develop a constructive self-image. Sports also facilitate youth learning to articulate and appreciate their thought, emotions, and admiration for what their bodies can do. They also develop skills on agility, endurance, flexibility, coordination, speed and strength. (www.ultimate-youth-basketball-guide.com) Involvement in sports also avails the opportunities for socialization and leadership, as well as the expansion of skills used for managing failure and success. If you are one of the really talented and qualified players on your team, you are probable in a spot to put into effect team leadership. As one way to guide is to do the same by example. When a talented player demonstrates an optimistic attitude and occupation ethic, all the other players will be likely to follow this example. A number of players will also watch how others play and obviously pick up on some of their techniques and skills. (www.yuothsportspschology.com) Moreover, when playing games, players find out how rules operate. They see how groups require policy to maintain order, that the person must agree to the regulations for the benefit of the group that rules involve a deliberation of the civil rights of others. They as well gain knowledge of the competition, however within a limited and secure system where the penalty of losing is reduced. In addition, sports offer an exclusive arena in which youth can successfully put forth their talents. The arena is exclusive for two reasons. Foremost, sports engage the person as an entire person: all facets-not only cognitive, but also physical, social, and psychological-are engaged pleasantly in striving toward peak accomplishment. Secondly, sports engage youths working in a continuing community consisting of their friends as well as their friends families. Sports, that is, present children an exciting, rewarding, and satisfying way to participate in a bigger world not usually accessible to non athletes. (www.ncpad.com) The participation of youth in sports ensures they learn time management skills and the value of planning in advance. This is true because through the kind of training they undergo while in sports entails following schedules given to them by their coaches, this help them learn a lot of time management skills as they also have to be able to balance between their sports and other activities like studies and family relationships. Sports teaches youth how to deal with hardship by showing them it is fine to make a mistake. Sports give them the opportunity to learn from their mistakes as well as the significance of moving on once a mistake has been done. It is in the same sports where the youth learn that life is not a sooth path as it entails both ups and downs .i.e. there times in life when one can succeed but there are still others when one can fail. Sports offer youth an opportunity of learning a lot of teamwork skills. This is so since many sports involve working together. Most sports are those that require cooperation of several persons for achievement to be evident. Youths can apply the skill they acquire through the experience of playing together in real life situation. This in the long run proves to be beneficial to the youth. Sports Provides the youth with an outlet for channeling their energy. This is a benefit that should not be down played because it is evident youths have a lot of energy to use and sports provide them an avenue to spend their energy and not wasting it in activities that can be harmful to them. For example the time and energy they spend in sports could be spending idling, taking drugs and having sex which could risk their lives. Sports act a stress relief for the youths which can be as a result of academic and social pressures. This is because it has already been proved that nervousness and pressure can be condensed with participation sports. After long hours in classes student can have a nice time in the fields or various sports places where they relive all academic related pressure. (www.getwyrd.org) It is in youth sports where those youths tend to learn one another. Since they work and train together they tend to understand each other weaknesses and strong areas thus promoting good relationship among people. youth sport also promote peace all over the world as different youth from different nation may be converged by a single sport and for the benefit of their team they will have to establish a good rapport. Some youth sports are used as a tool for tourist attraction for several countries thus earning these countries foreign exchange, for example through youth sports many foreigners visit different countries and spend in those countries increasing the national income of such countries. Youth sports have created a lot of employment opportunities. There are so many advertisements relating to youth sports, many players also require other goods and services like they eat and dress thus providing market to other goods. Many people also work in sports arenas like pitches, stadium and many more. This means were it not for the sports such facilities could not exist and thus all those people working in those facilities could be unemployed. This are only but few example of the employment opportunities brought about by youth sports. (Committee, 2005) Promotion of youth sports has greatly reduced the spread of HIV/AIDS. This is so because the youths instead of engaging in activities that promote the deadly virus instead spend their precious time in taking part in various sports. This sport has also facilitated their training on the effect and impacts of the disease as while they are in those various sporting teams they still learn more about the disease. (hyman, 2010) Youth sport has also lead to improved infrastructure in many regions. This is so because sports facilities have to be accompanied by good means of accessing these facilities thus infrastructure like good roads has to be established which are of benefit to all. In conclusion it would be very correct to say that youth sports have a lot of benefits to the youths, parents, the society and the government at large.

Liver Cancer

l Liver cancer  or  hepatic cancer  (from the  Greek  hepar, meaning liver) is a  cancer  that originates in the  liver. Liver cancers are malignant tumors that grow on the surface or inside the liver. Liver tumors are discovered on medical imaging equipment (often by accident) or present themselves symptomatically as an abdominal mass,  abdominal pain,  jaundice, nausea or liver dysfunction. [1]  Liver cancers should not be confused with livermetastases, which are cancers that originate from organs elsewhere in the body and migrate to the liver.Hepatocellular carcinoma is cancer of the liver. Causes, incidence, and risk factorsHepatocellular carcinoma accounts for most liver cancers. This type of cancer occurs more often in men than women. It is usually seen in people age 50 or older. However, the age varies in different parts of the world. The disease is more common in parts of Africa and Asia than in North or South America and Europe. Hepatocellular carcinoma is not the same as  metastatic liver cancer, which starts in another organ (such as the breast or colon) and spreads to the liver.In most cases, the cause of liver cancer is usually scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Cirrhosis may be caused by: Alcohol abuse (the most common cause in the United States) Autoimmune diseases  of the liver Hepatitis B  or  C  virus infection Inflammation of the liver that is long-term (chronic) Iron overload in the body (hemochromatosis) Patients with hepatitis B or C are at risk for liver cancer, even if they have not developed cirrhosis Symptoms Abdominal pain  or tenderness, especially in the upper-right part Easy bruising or bleedingEnlarged abdomen Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice) Signs and testsPhysical examination may show an enlarged, tender liver. Tests include: Abdominal CT scan Abdominal ultrasound Liver biopsy Liver enzymes (liver function tests) Liver  MRI Serum alpha fetoprotein Some high-risk patients may get regular blood te sts and ultrasounds to see whether tumors are developing TreatmentAggressive surgery or a liver transplant can successfully treat small or slow-growing tumors if they are diagnosed early. However, few patients are diagnosed early.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sChemotherapy delivered straight into the liver with a catheter can help, but it will not cure the disease. Radiation treatments in the area of the cancer may also be helpful. However, many patients have liver cirrhosis or other liver diseases that make these treatments more difficult. Sorafenib tosylate (Nexavar), an oral medicine that blocks tumor growth, is now approved for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Expectations (prognosis)The usual outcome is poor, because only 10 – 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery.If the cancer cannot be completely removed, the disease is usually fatal within 3 – 6 months. However, survival can vary, and occasionally people wil l survive much longer than 6 months Complications Gastrointestinal bleeding Liver failure Spread (metastasis) of the cancer PreventionPreventing and treating viral hepatitis may help reduce your risk. Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of liver cancer in the future. Avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Certain patients may benefit from screening for hemochromatosis.If you have chronic hepatitis or known cirrhosis, periodic screening with liver ultrasound or measurement of blood alpha fetoprotein levels may help detect this cancer early. Biasanya pesakit kanser hanya menyedari dia mengidap kanser bila penyakitnya sudah pada peringkat 4. Dan, selalunya keadaan ini dianggap sudah terlalu lewat. Sebenarnya. dari peringkat awal kanser menyerang tubuh kita, tanda-tanda penyakit ini sudah ada tetapi kita sering mengandaikan yang tanda-tanda itu sebagai ‘Tidak apa-apa’, cuma sakit biasa sahaja.Kita pun mengambil langkah ‘bijak’ ki ta sendiri iaitu menelan panadol atau membeli ubat di farmasi. Adakah anda pernah membuat pemeriksaan tahunan seperti ujian colonoscopies atau ujian PSA? Tentu ramai yang menggelengkan kepala. Tidak mengapa kerana meskipun penting, setakat membuat ujian seperti itu belum tentu dapat melindungi anda daripada kanser. Anda tentu tidak mahu menyertai barisan pesakit kanser yang terlambat menyedari, bukan? Jadi, perhatikan perkara-perkara berikut. Mungkinkah ia merupakan penggera awal, notis pemberitahuan bahawa sel-sel kanser sedang mula bertapak dalam tubuh anda? Liver Cancer l Liver cancer  or  hepatic cancer  (from the  Greek  hepar, meaning liver) is a  cancer  that originates in the  liver. Liver cancers are malignant tumors that grow on the surface or inside the liver. Liver tumors are discovered on medical imaging equipment (often by accident) or present themselves symptomatically as an abdominal mass,  abdominal pain,  jaundice, nausea or liver dysfunction. [1]  Liver cancers should not be confused with livermetastases, which are cancers that originate from organs elsewhere in the body and migrate to the liver.Hepatocellular carcinoma is cancer of the liver. Causes, incidence, and risk factorsHepatocellular carcinoma accounts for most liver cancers. This type of cancer occurs more often in men than women. It is usually seen in people age 50 or older. However, the age varies in different parts of the world. The disease is more common in parts of Africa and Asia than in North or South America and Europe. Hepatocellular carcinoma is not the same as  metastatic liver cancer, which starts in another organ (such as the breast or colon) and spreads to the liver.In most cases, the cause of liver cancer is usually scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Cirrhosis may be caused by: Alcohol abuse (the most common cause in the United States) Autoimmune diseases  of the liver Hepatitis B  or  C  virus infection Inflammation of the liver that is long-term (chronic) Iron overload in the body (hemochromatosis) Patients with hepatitis B or C are at risk for liver cancer, even if they have not developed cirrhosis Symptoms Abdominal pain  or tenderness, especially in the upper-right part Easy bruising or bleedingEnlarged abdomen Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice) Signs and testsPhysical examination may show an enlarged, tender liver. Tests include: Abdominal CT scan Abdominal ultrasound Liver biopsy Liver enzymes (liver function tests) Liver  MRI Serum alpha fetoprotein Some high-risk patients may get regular blood te sts and ultrasounds to see whether tumors are developing TreatmentAggressive surgery or a liver transplant can successfully treat small or slow-growing tumors if they are diagnosed early. However, few patients are diagnosed early.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sChemotherapy delivered straight into the liver with a catheter can help, but it will not cure the disease. Radiation treatments in the area of the cancer may also be helpful. However, many patients have liver cirrhosis or other liver diseases that make these treatments more difficult. Sorafenib tosylate (Nexavar), an oral medicine that blocks tumor growth, is now approved for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Expectations (prognosis)The usual outcome is poor, because only 10 – 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery.If the cancer cannot be completely removed, the disease is usually fatal within 3 – 6 months. However, survival can vary, and occasionally people wil l survive much longer than 6 months Complications Gastrointestinal bleeding Liver failure Spread (metastasis) of the cancer PreventionPreventing and treating viral hepatitis may help reduce your risk. Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of liver cancer in the future. Avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Certain patients may benefit from screening for hemochromatosis.If you have chronic hepatitis or known cirrhosis, periodic screening with liver ultrasound or measurement of blood alpha fetoprotein levels may help detect this cancer early. Biasanya pesakit kanser hanya menyedari dia mengidap kanser bila penyakitnya sudah pada peringkat 4. Dan, selalunya keadaan ini dianggap sudah terlalu lewat. Sebenarnya. dari peringkat awal kanser menyerang tubuh kita, tanda-tanda penyakit ini sudah ada tetapi kita sering mengandaikan yang tanda-tanda itu sebagai ‘Tidak apa-apa’, cuma sakit biasa sahaja.Kita pun mengambil langkah ‘bijak’ ki ta sendiri iaitu menelan panadol atau membeli ubat di farmasi. Adakah anda pernah membuat pemeriksaan tahunan seperti ujian colonoscopies atau ujian PSA? Tentu ramai yang menggelengkan kepala. Tidak mengapa kerana meskipun penting, setakat membuat ujian seperti itu belum tentu dapat melindungi anda daripada kanser. Anda tentu tidak mahu menyertai barisan pesakit kanser yang terlambat menyedari, bukan? Jadi, perhatikan perkara-perkara berikut. Mungkinkah ia merupakan penggera awal, notis pemberitahuan bahawa sel-sel kanser sedang mula bertapak dalam tubuh anda?

Vietnam Piracy History

II. The Prioriry actions requested in 2012: IIPA had hoped that the 2005 passage of the IP Code in Vietnam, revisions to the Criminal Code in 2009, an administrative enforcement Decree (No. 47) also in 2009, and a nationwide judicial reformprocess would lead to steady improvements in copyright protection, allowing a legitimate creative marketplace to emerge in Vietnam. Unfortunately, online and mobile piracy has gotten significantly worse in Vietnam, and end-user piracy of business software remains largely unchecked, among other piracy problems.Increased Internet and mobile penetration and more widely available broadband capacity have led to a severe increase in the trade of illegal copyright files online. Technological advances in Vietnam have outpaced the government’s response to copyright issues, notwithstanding that the Vietnamese have long recognized that piracy in the country is increasingly â€Å"sophisticated† and involves violations of â€Å"most of the object s of the rights†.The Vietnamese Government has taken very few enforcement actions over the years, and no criminal case has ever been brought to address copyright piracy. Because of that, IIPA has launched the priority actions requested in 2012 to reduce the piracy situation in Vietnam: Enforcement: * Devote greater resources and Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST) Inspectorate and Economic Police manpower to running raids and bringing cases under the Criminal Code through targeted criminal actions,e. . , against online piracy, retail and source piracy,.. * Take effective enforcement measures against notorious infringing sites whose business models are based on providing access to infringing content, including in particular those sites such as Socbay. com, Bamboo. com,†¦ * Enforce Ordinance No. 4 and Decree No. 47 on administrative remedies for copyright infringement, imposing maximum penalties. * Reduce pirated imports from China. Reduce signal theft by removin g illegal content from local cable operators and stopping retransmission of signals from neighboring countries without license. Legislation and Market Access * Issue implementing guidance for the revised Criminal Code so that prosecutions can commence, in line with Vietnam’s BTA obligation, including by confirming that the Code applies to online distributions, and providing detailed interpretations of â€Å"commercial scale† infringements that include those undertaken without a profit motive. Make necessary changes to IP Code and implementing decrees to ensure Vietnam is in full compliance with its BTA and other international obligations, and otherwise facilitate the free exercise of rights by copyright owners. * Expedite the drafting process for, and provide public consultation as to, amendments to the Internet Decree (or circular) on ISP liability that clarifies the secondary liability of ISPs and requires ISPs to take responsibility and cooperate with right holders to combat online infringements both in the hosted and the non-hosted environment. Afford U. S. right holders greater access to the Vietnamese market, by eliminating foreign investment restrictions and other entry barriers with respect to production, importation and distribution of copyright materials whether in the physical or online/mobile marketplaces. * Extend the term of protection for sound recordings to the BTA-compatible term (75 years or more) and otherwise extend copyright term in line with the international trend (life of the author plus 70 years). * Pass optical disc licensing regulation. III.The actual out come of the 2011 decisions (the result in 2012 after applying priority actions requested in 2012) IIPA hopes the issuance and entry into force in 2012 of the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC) and Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism (MCST) Joint Circular on Stipulations on the Responsibilities for Intermediary Service Providers in the Protection of C opyright and Related Rights on the Internet and Telecommunications Networks will lead to significant reductions in online and mobile piracy in the country, including closures of notorious websites and services built on copyright infringement.The IP Code, Criminal Code, administrative enforcement Ordinances and Decrees, and judicial reform, must all be brought to bear to significantly reduce all forms of piracy, including online and mobile piracy, enterprise end-user piracy of software, physical piracy, and book piracy which remain largely unchecked in Vietnam. And the results after applying priority actions requested in 2012, Piracy Situation and enforcement challenges in Viet Nam are summarized as follows: 1.Internet and Mobile Piracy Causing Severe Damage to Copyright Owners: Increased Internet and mobile penetration and more widely available broadband capacity have led to a severe increase in the trade of illegal copyright files online. Internet penetration continued on an upward path, with reportedly 31. 1 million Internet users according to the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC) of Vietnam, with 3G mobile Internet users reaching 16 million (18% of the country’s population).Vietnam ranks 18th in the world, 8th in Asia, and 3rd in Southeast Asia in the total number of Internet users. According to MIC, there are 19 Internet service providers, some 1,064 licensed websites, and 335 social networks operating in Vietnam. Unfortunately, the vast majority of websites dealing in copyright content remain unlicensed, although there are now a few operators of online services providing licensed music (representing, however, only 1% of online music services).The rest are streaming and download sites (50%), forums (21%), video websites (17%), search engines (8%), deeplinking, cyberlocker, and social network sites all being employed to deliver unlicensed copyright content, including music, movies, entertainment and software, and published materials. N ot only the repertoire of VietNam but international and other Asian repertoire such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean music can also be found on these sites. And University networks are increasingly being used for dissemination of infringing content.Specific example for this case is Zing. vn. Zing. vn is one notorious website which was identified by IIPA in its annual notorious markets filing with the U. S. Trade Representative, and USTR placed Zing. vn on its â€Å"Notorious Markets† list. Zing. vn is an online portal service operated by VNG Corporation (previously called VinaGame) in Vietnam. Zing. vn provides various services including an online music portal, social networking, a search engine, instant messaging, movies, karaoke, video and photos. Zing. n, well documented in last year’s IIPA Special 301 report, was proposed by IIPA as a â€Å"notoriousmarket† in its Special 301 out-of-cycle review submission in September 2012, and USTR agreed in its December 20 12 announcement. USTR noted in its announcement, â€Å"In addition to being a social media site, Vietnam-based Zing. vn also includes an infringing deeplinking music portal, which reportedly attracts large numbers of users to the site. † They also indicated, â€Å"We understand that VNG, Zing’s parent company is currently in talks with rights holders to obtain the necessary licenses to transitionZing into an authorized digital music platform. † With rapid increases in mobile phone subscribers in Vietnam, there has also been an increase in mobile piracy over the year. Right holders now face two major challenges in the mobile space: 1) the loading by mobile device vendors of illegal copyright content onto devices at the point of sale; and 2) illegal music channels or â€Å"apps† set up to be accessed on mobile platforms, without any intervention from the authorities to cease such activities.As an example of this phenomenon, sites like Socbay. com offer ille gal downloads of ringtones to mobile phones, but Socbay has now developed a mobile â€Å"app† called Socbay iMedia which provides a variety of unauthorized entertainment content, including, inter alia, music files. This second phenomenon will, if allowed unchecked, threaten the entire online/mobile market for music and other copyright materials into the future and must be addressed. 2.Enterprise End-User Piracy of Software Harms the Software Industry and Stunts the Growth of the IT Sector: The software industry reports a continued high level of software piracy in Vietnam. In 2011, the software piracy rate in Vietnam was 81% (among the highest in the world), representing a commercial value of unlicensed software of US$395 million. 13 This includes widespread unlicensed software use by enterprises in Vietnam, retail piracy, and hard disk loading of unlicensed software. Most leading cities, such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Da N? ng, and H? Phong are still key software piracy hot spots. The industry also notes the desperate need for legalization of software usage within the Vietnamese government. It has been recognized by some within the Vietnamese government that use of unlicensed commercial software is occurring within government ministries. Some initial discussions on government legalization have commenced between BSA and the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC), with a focus on legalization procedures and the government avoiding any mandates orpreferences for the purchase of specific types of software. . Physical Piracy Remains Rampant, Including Pirate Imports, Pirate Burned Content, Factory Production, and â€Å"Media Box† Piracy: Evidence of physical piracy, including virtually 100% piracy of home video entertainment, can still be found everywhere in Vietnam, especially in urban areas like Ha Noi, HCM City,†¦ It remains very easy to buy almost imported discs (from China mainly),burned discs or factory discs of any kind of conte nt, and pirated software is readily available at shops on the socalled â€Å"PC streets† or other â€Å"CD-DVD† shops.Vietnamese-sourced pirate products flood the domestic markets and have been found in other markets in recent years in Asia, North America, and even Eastern Europe. For the music industry, with piracy levels still extremely high, financial returns for recorded music sales have dropped so deeply that the companies involved are unable to invest in new albums and artists, choosing to recoup investment through ring tones, ring-back tones, ancillary revenues for personality rights, and music channel licensing. 4. Book and Journal Piracy Severely Harms Publishers:Book and journal publishers continue to suffer from rampant piracy in Vietnam, in the form of illegal reprints and unauthorized photocopies. Bookshops, roadside vendors and copy shops all sell unauthorized copies of bestselling trade books, travel books and academic textbooks, and unlicensed print ove rruns continue to harm foreign publishers. Unauthorized translations produced by university lecturers or professors have been detected, in which the lecturers or professors append their name to the translated textbook.State-sector publishers also have an interest in making sure their licenses (such as those of the Ministry of Youth and the General Publishing House of Ho Chi Minh City) are not misused. 5. Signal Piracy/Pay TV Piracy: Vietnam's Pay-TV sector is one of the fastest developing markets in the Asia Pacific, and is set to rank fourth in the region in growth over the next four years. With 4. 2 million overall connections, and digital systems taking hold (including through Vietnamese Government infusion of capital), signal piracy in Vietnam still holds back the legitimate Pay-TV market, and causes major damages to right holders. Overspill† is also a problem in Vietnam as cable operators capture signals from neighboring countries’ satellite systems. These are ende mic problems which the government should address. A relatively new and dangerous problem in Vietnam involves the operation of websites which steal pay-TV signals and stream them onto the Internet. Several sites have been identified as streaming premium content channels without authorization, mainly focusing on motion pictures or sports content.In general, after applying the above policy, the piracy situation in Vietnam has not improved. One of the reasons for this situation is enforcement challenges. Enforcement updates in Vi? t Nam: Failure to Address Internet and Mobile Device Piracy: Despite notifying the Vietnamese government ofsites involved in piracy of music, movies, software, games, and published works (with reports of growing electronic piracy of textbooks and dictionaries, among other published products), the government has been mainly inactive and disinterested. Notorious piracy site zing. n has been brought to the attention of administrative authorities in Vietnam, but t here has been no response. The problem is further compounded by existing administrative enforcement remedies being rendered ineffective by: * The lack of an effective procedure to deal with online piracy administrative complaints. * A heavy burden on right holders for production of evidence and proof of actual damages. * Continued rudimentary issues related to ability to identify and effectively deal with online infringement cases. * Lack of compliance with administrative ordersCourt Reform Efforts Lacking: The inactivity of the courts in dealing with copyright infringement issues is a major disappointment. There have to date been relatively few civil court actions involving copyright infringement in Vietnam. The main reasons for this are complicated procedures, delays, and a lack of certainty as to the expected outcome. Building IP expertise must be a part of the overall judicial reform effort. Training should be provided to police and prosecutors as they play a very important role in bringing a criminal offense case to the courts.End-User Piracy Enforcement: One relatively bright spot in enforcement seems to be in the area of addressing software piracy. In 2012, more raids were taken with participation of both MCST and the MPS Anti-High Tech Crime Police. Administrative fines remain relatively low, generally, VND50 million (around US$2,400), never reaching the maximum applicable rate of VND500 million (US$24,000). The industry also reports stronger support given to both enforcement and educational campaigns to sensitize the public to the need to use legal software.The presence of the High Tech Police is now seen as essential for the success of raids as they possess technical knowledge which is helpful to achieving effective raids. In addition, there are training courts covered the overview of copyright laws and the value of IP and innovation. There remain no implementing guidelines for the revised Criminal Code, so no software piracy cases have ever been bro ught to Criminal Court. Very Little Enforcement Against Hard Goods Piracy:Though MCST has indicated its recognition of the hard goods piracy problem, it has devoted very few resources to deal with physical piracy across Vietnam. Only a ‘zero tolerance’ campaign, including actions against open and blatant piracy activities of all kinds, with deterrent administrative fines meted out to their maximums, license revocations, shop closures, seizures of pirate imports and pirated product destined for export by Customs, and criminal penalties can result in a significant reduction in piracy in Vietnam.